Improving operational efficiency in water distribution network with hourly water pricing to benefit consumers and providers

Abstract

Water distribution networks are designed to fulfill user demand, represented in the demand pattern that reflects the water usage behavior of the user. Pumps are crucial for the functionality of the network and ability to meet user demands. However, during peak hours, pumps often operate less efficiently, consuming more electricity per unit of water. Conversely, low demand can result in high pressure in the pipes, leading to leakage. Thus, balancing these elements is crucial for improving the water-energy‑carbon nexus of the system. Economically, water prices can influence total water consumption. Taking this concept further, adjusting the hourly water price can help shift user demand to more favorable hours. Based on price elasticity, the water price was optimized to fluctuate at specific times throughout the day, potentially changing the user water consumption pattern. We developed a methodology to simulate the effects of these price adjustments by considering factors such as population, demand uncertainty, income class, price elasticity, and water conservation awareness. The optimization aims to achieve dual benefits: reducing user water bills and the provider pump operating costs. The results demonstrate that hourly pricing can benefit users and suppliers and help maintain the pump operation closer to its best efficiency point.