{"title":"Comparison of Two-Level and Three-Level Graded Collision Warning Systems Under Distracted Driving Conditions","authors":"Khatereh Shariatmadari;Siby Samuel;Shi Cao;Amandeep Singh","doi":"10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3549290","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Advancements in vehicle technology such as collision warning systems are essential for improving driver alertness and decision-making to enhance road safety. This study evaluates the effectiveness of 2-level and 3-level graded collision warning systems on driver performance under various driving conditions. Forty participants participated in a controlled driving simulator study using a within-between-participant design to examine the impact of these warning systems on response time, collision frequency, physiological responses, and visual attention dynamics. The 3-level system providing graduated alerts through visual, haptic, and auditory cues, showed a significant reduction in response times and collision frequencies compared to the 2-level system. This improvement likely results from the multi-sensory approach that supports cognitive load theory and facilitates hazard detection. Although physiological measures such as Electrodermal Activity and Heart Rate did not show significant differences between the systems, the 3-level system produced more consistent responses suggesting a stable emotional state and reduced stress. Eye-tracking data indicated that the 3-level system improved sustained visual attention and reduced distraction. Subjective evaluations favored auditory warnings emphasizing the importance of user-friendly and intuitive systems. The findings demonstrate the potential of multi-level warning systems to enhance driver safety and performance in high-risk scenarios and suggest the need for customizable systems to accommodate individual differences in cognitive load management. These insights can inform developing advanced collision warning systems that mitigate risks associated with distracted driving and promote a safer driving environment.","PeriodicalId":13079,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Access","volume":"13 ","pages":"43818-43829"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10916632","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IEEE Access","FirstCategoryId":"94","ListUrlMain":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10916632/","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Advancements in vehicle technology such as collision warning systems are essential for improving driver alertness and decision-making to enhance road safety. This study evaluates the effectiveness of 2-level and 3-level graded collision warning systems on driver performance under various driving conditions. Forty participants participated in a controlled driving simulator study using a within-between-participant design to examine the impact of these warning systems on response time, collision frequency, physiological responses, and visual attention dynamics. The 3-level system providing graduated alerts through visual, haptic, and auditory cues, showed a significant reduction in response times and collision frequencies compared to the 2-level system. This improvement likely results from the multi-sensory approach that supports cognitive load theory and facilitates hazard detection. Although physiological measures such as Electrodermal Activity and Heart Rate did not show significant differences between the systems, the 3-level system produced more consistent responses suggesting a stable emotional state and reduced stress. Eye-tracking data indicated that the 3-level system improved sustained visual attention and reduced distraction. Subjective evaluations favored auditory warnings emphasizing the importance of user-friendly and intuitive systems. The findings demonstrate the potential of multi-level warning systems to enhance driver safety and performance in high-risk scenarios and suggest the need for customizable systems to accommodate individual differences in cognitive load management. These insights can inform developing advanced collision warning systems that mitigate risks associated with distracted driving and promote a safer driving environment.
IEEE AccessCOMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMSENGIN-ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC
CiteScore
9.80
自引率
7.70%
发文量
6673
审稿时长
6 weeks
期刊介绍:
IEEE Access® is a multidisciplinary, open access (OA), applications-oriented, all-electronic archival journal that continuously presents the results of original research or development across all of IEEE''s fields of interest.
IEEE Access will publish articles that are of high interest to readers, original, technically correct, and clearly presented. Supported by author publication charges (APC), its hallmarks are a rapid peer review and publication process with open access to all readers. Unlike IEEE''s traditional Transactions or Journals, reviews are "binary", in that reviewers will either Accept or Reject an article in the form it is submitted in order to achieve rapid turnaround. Especially encouraged are submissions on:
Multidisciplinary topics, or applications-oriented articles and negative results that do not fit within the scope of IEEE''s traditional journals.
Practical articles discussing new experiments or measurement techniques, interesting solutions to engineering.
Development of new or improved fabrication or manufacturing techniques.
Reviews or survey articles of new or evolving fields oriented to assist others in understanding the new area.