Electrocatalytic CN Coupling: Advances in Urea Synthesis and Opportunities for Alternative Products

IF 6.6 2区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY ChemSusChem Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI:10.1002/cssc.202402566

Parker Ballard-Kyle, Isabel Hsieh, Huiyuan Zhu

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Abstract

Urea is an essential fertilizer produced through the industrial synthesis of ammonia (NH₃) via the Haber–Bosch process, which contributes ≈1.2% of global annual CO₂ emissions. Electrocatalytic urea synthesis under ambient conditions via CN coupling from CO₂ and nitrogen species such as nitrate (NO₃⁻), nitrite (NO₂⁻), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen gas (N₂) has gained interest as a more sustainable route. However, challenges remain due to the unclear reaction pathways for urea formation, competing reactions, and the complexity of the resulting product matrix. This review highlights recent advances in catalyst design, urea quantification, and intermediate identification in the CN coupling reaction for electrocatalytic urea synthesis. Furthermore, this review explores future prospects for industrial CN coupling, considering potential nitrogen and carbon sources and examining alternative CN coupling products, such as amides and amines.

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电催化C-N偶联：尿素合成的进展和替代产品的机会。

尿素是一种重要的肥料，通过Haber-Bosch工艺通过氨（NH3）的工业合成生产，其贡献约占全球年二氧化碳排放量的1.2%。在环境条件下，通过C-N偶联，由CO2和硝酸盐（NO3-）、亚硝酸盐（NO2）、一氧化氮（NO）和氮气（N2）等氮物质进行电催化尿素合成已成为一种更可持续的途径。然而，由于尿素形成的反应途径不明确，竞争反应和最终产物矩阵的复杂性，挑战仍然存在。本文综述了电催化尿素合成中C-N偶联反应在催化剂设计、尿素定量和中间体鉴定等方面的最新进展。此外，本文还探讨了工业碳氮偶联的未来前景，考虑了潜在的氮和碳源，并研究了替代的碳氮偶联产品，如酰胺和胺。

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来源期刊

ChemSusChem 化学-化学综合

CiteScore

15.80

自引率

4.80%

发文量

555

审稿时长

1.8 months

期刊介绍： ChemSusChem Impact Factor (2016): 7.226 Scope: Interdisciplinary journal Focuses on research at the interface of chemistry and sustainability Features the best research on sustainability and energy Areas Covered: Chemistry Materials Science Chemical Engineering Biotechnology