Standard purification methods are not sufficient to remove micellular lipophilic dye from polymer nanoparticle solution†

Abstract

Tracking nanoparticles’ location is imperative for understanding cellular interactions, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. DiD is a lipophilic dye commonly used to label nanoparticles for trafficking studies. Herein, we show that DiD micelles form in polymer NP solutions during synthesis and can lead to false positive results in downstream assays. Potential methods to remove these micelles are also described.