Optimization and Performance Evaluation of Macrophyte-Assisted Vermifiltration for Synthetic Dairy Wastewater: Investigating the Impact of Filter Bed Clogging and Hydraulic Retention Time on Organics Removal

IF 3.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2025-03-15 DOI:10.1007/s11270-025-07882-7

K. Hasim Suhaib, Puspendu Bhunia

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Abstract

Full factorial central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize and investigate the effects of major operational parameters such as organic strength, total suspended solids (TSS), and hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of the influent wastewater, which influenced the efficiency of organics (Chemical oxygen demand (COD)) removal from dairy wastewater using horizontal subsurface flow macrophyte-assisted vermifilter (HSSF-MAVF). The model obtained from RSM analysis was a quadratic polynomial model with a R² value of 0.99. The optimum condition for the maximum COD removal was obtained at organic strength of 2550 mg/L, TSS concentration of 950 mg/L, and HLR of 1 m³/m²/d. Furthermore, at optimum conditions, COD removal effectiveness of 92.3% was achieved against the predicted COD removal rate of 95.3%. Similarly, validation of the model with real dairy wastewater has given minimal error (2.8%) against the predicted COD removal efficiency. The research also investigated the impact of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the vermifiltration and interactive effects of operational parameters on clogging and its impacts on the efficiency of organics removal. The findings demonstrated that vermifiltration at a higher value of operational and design parameters created severe clogging and ponding of wastewater in the filter bed and had a detrimental effect on the rates of organics removal. With the increase in HRT, the treatment performance of the vermifilter improved. Removal efficiencies for COD, TN, and TP were 29%, 7%, and 10% higher, respectively, at an HRT of 9.8 h compared to 2.7 h.

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采用全因子中央复合设计（CCD）和响应面方法（RSM）优化和研究了进水废水中的有机物强度、总悬浮固体（TSS）和水力负荷率（HLR）等主要运行参数对水平地表下流大型植物辅助蚯蚓滤池（HSSF-MAVF）去除乳制品废水中有机物（化学需氧量（COD））效率的影响。通过 RSM 分析得出的模型为二次多项式模型，R2 值为 0.99。在有机物浓度为 2550 mg/L、TSS 浓度为 950 mg/L、HLR 为 1 m3/m2/d 的条件下，COD 的去除率最大。此外，在最佳条件下，COD 去除率为 92.3%，而预测的 COD 去除率为 95.3%。同样，用真实的乳制品废水对模型进行验证，与预测的 COD 去除率相比，误差最小（2.8%）。研究还调查了水力停留时间（HRT）对蚯蚓过滤的影响，以及操作参数对堵塞的交互影响及其对有机物去除效率的影响。研究结果表明，在运行参数和设计参数值较高的情况下，蚯蚓过滤会造成滤床严重堵塞和废水积聚，并对有机物去除率产生不利影响。随着 HRT 的增加，蚯蚓滤池的处理性能有所改善。与 2.7 小时相比，当 HRT 为 9.8 小时时，COD、TN 和 TP 的去除率分别高出 29%、7% 和 10%。

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.