Glucose transporters and their energy homeostasis function in various organs.

Abstract

Glucose transporters (GLUTs) belong to a membrane-protein family that essentially participates in easing the transportation and absorption of glucose molecules throughout the cellular membranes. From the brain to the eyes, each section delves into the intricate mechanisms of glucose uptake and utilization, shedding light on the unique adaptations and regulatory pathways in different anatomical structures. Beginning with the brain, known for its high energy demands, the chapter explicates the specialized GLUT expression patterns crucial for neuronal function and synaptic transmission. Moving to metabolic powerhouses like the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue, it elucidates the dynamic interplay of GLUT isoforms in energy storage, mobilization, and insulin responsiveness. Furthermore, the chapter navigates through the kidneys, lungs, skin, and reproductive organs, unveiling the diverse roles of GLUTs in renal glucose reabsorption, pulmonary-epithelial transportation, skin barrier associated functions, and gonadal development. It also explores the significance of placental GLUTs in fatal nutrient supply and the implications of cardiac GLUTs in myocardial energy metabolism. Additionally, it examines the intricate regulation of GLUTs at key barriers like the BBB (Blood-Brain Barrier) and placenta, as well as in endocrine glands such as the pancreas, adrenal medulla and thyroid. Moreover, it further elucidates the less-explored territories of GLUT expression in the bones, gastrointestinal tract, and ocular tissues like the retina, unraveling their implications in immune function, bone metabolism, intestinal glucose-sensing, and retinal physiology.