Pharmacological advances and therapeutic applications of niclosamide in cancer and other diseases

Abstract

Niclosamide, an FDA-approved drug traditionally used to treat parasitic infections, has garnered remarkable attention for its diverse pharmacological properties, suggesting potential therapeutic utility in oncology and a range of other diseases. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the chemical features and pharmacokinetics of niclosamide, underscoring the role of its salt forms and derivatives in enhancing bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Emerging breakthroughs in nanotechnology have enabled the generation of advanced formulations capable of improving the safety and efficacy of niclosamide, addressing the challenges posed by its poor water solubility. Further, the review explores the intriguing molecular mechanisms driving niclosamide anticancer activity, highlighting its ability to act as a potent mitochondrial uncoupler and precisely modulate critical signal pathways that regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. In cancer treatment, niclosamide has showcased compelling effects against various malignancies, offering marked potential in overcoming multidrug resistance, particularly in the resistant forms of leukemia and ovarian cancer. Additionally, the drug's versatility broadens its therapeutic potential beyond oncology, encompassing viral infections, metabolic disorders, and anti-inflammatory applications. By integrating the current literature, this review seeks to illuminate the pharmacological and clinical progress of niclosamide, hence emphasizing its promise as a multi-targeted therapeutic agent. As research evolves, niclosamide is poised to play a pivotal role in cancer therapy and the treatment of other complex diseases, reinforcing the necessity for continued clinical exploration and innovation.