{"title":"Role of TLRs as signaling cascades to combat infectious diseases: a review.","authors":"Md Salauddin, Debaraj Bhattacharyya, Indranil Samanta, Sukumar Saha, Mengzhou Xue, Md Golzar Hossain, Chunfu Zheng","doi":"10.1007/s00018-025-05631-x","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Investigating innate immunity and its signaling transduction is essential to understand inflammation and host defence mechanisms. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), an evolutionarily ancient group of pattern recognition receptors, are crucial for detecting microbial components and initiating immune responses. This review summarizes the mechanisms and outcomes of TLR-mediated signaling, focusing on motifs shared with other immunological pathways, which enhances our understanding of the innate immune system. TLRs recognize molecular patterns in microbial invaders, activate innate immunity and promote antigen-specific adaptive immunity, and each of them triggers unique downstream signaling patterns. Recent advances have highlighted the importance of supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs) in TLR signaling, ensuring precise cellular responses and pathogen detection. Furthermore, this review illuminates how TLR pathways coordinate metabolism and gene regulation, contributing to adaptive immunity and providing novel insights for next-generation therapeutic strategies. Ongoing studies hold promise for novel treatments against infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, and cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":10007,"journal":{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences","volume":"82 1","pages":"122"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-025-05631-x","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Investigating innate immunity and its signaling transduction is essential to understand inflammation and host defence mechanisms. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), an evolutionarily ancient group of pattern recognition receptors, are crucial for detecting microbial components and initiating immune responses. This review summarizes the mechanisms and outcomes of TLR-mediated signaling, focusing on motifs shared with other immunological pathways, which enhances our understanding of the innate immune system. TLRs recognize molecular patterns in microbial invaders, activate innate immunity and promote antigen-specific adaptive immunity, and each of them triggers unique downstream signaling patterns. Recent advances have highlighted the importance of supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs) in TLR signaling, ensuring precise cellular responses and pathogen detection. Furthermore, this review illuminates how TLR pathways coordinate metabolism and gene regulation, contributing to adaptive immunity and providing novel insights for next-generation therapeutic strategies. Ongoing studies hold promise for novel treatments against infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, and cancers.
期刊介绍:
Journal Name: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS)
Location: Basel, Switzerland
Focus:
Multidisciplinary journal
Publishes research articles, reviews, multi-author reviews, and visions & reflections articles
Coverage:
Latest aspects of biological and biomedical research
Areas include:
Biochemistry and molecular biology
Cell biology
Molecular and cellular aspects of biomedicine
Neuroscience
Pharmacology
Immunology
Additional Features:
Welcomes comments on any article published in CMLS
Accepts suggestions for topics to be covered