Kyrle disease: a systematic review of clinical features, diagnostic approaches, dermatoscopic insights, systemic associations, and therapeutic strategies

Abstract

Kyrle disease (KD) is a rare dermatologic condition characterized by hyperkeratotic papules with central keratotic plugs, often associated with systemic conditions such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Due to its clinical overlap with other dermatologic disorders, KD is frequently misdiagnosed. Diagnosis primarily relies on characteristic histopathological findings, with dermoscopy serving as a valuable adjunct for clinical assessment. This systematic review highlights KD’s clinical features, systemic associations, dermoscopy findings, differential diagnosis, and current treatment approaches. While some therapies have shown promise, the lack of standardized management underscores the need for further research. By consolidating the existing literature, this systematic review emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing KD and calls for future studies to establish standardized diagnostic and therapeutic protocols to improve patient outcomes.