Advances in two-dimensional Sn-based anode materials for K-ion batteries: structural features, mechanisms, and challenges

Abstract

The scarcity of lithium resources and the limited storage capacity of commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) anodes have driven interest in potassium as a promising alternative. With its abundance, low cost, and energy storage mechanism similar to LIBs, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as a viable substitute. PIBs offer several advantages, including significant potential for large-scale energy storage, high operating voltage, and low production cost. Among the various anode materials for PIBs, two-dimensional (2D) tin-based materials, such as tin-based oxides, chalcogenides, carbides, and phosphides, have acquired significant attention due to their unique properties. This review comprehensively analyses recent advances in 2D tin-based anode materials for PIBs, focusing on their structural features, simulation methodologies, and potassium storage mechanisms. The correlation between structural features and electrochemical performance is thoroughly examined, alongside key strategies to enhance their performance. Various modification techniques to improve potassium storage capabilities are discussed in detail, as are the challenges and limitations associated with applying tin-based monolayers in PIBs. Finally, practical solutions are proposed to address these challenges, paving the way for developing high-efficiency PIBs in the future.