Heavy metal contamination, nutritional composition, and health risk assessment of biscuits: A Monte Carlo simulation approach

Food chemistry advances Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-14 DOI:10.1016/j.focha.2025.100944

Tasmina Afroz Chowdhury , A.J.M. Morshed , Md．Samrat Mohay Menul Islam , Md．Ashraful Islam , Dipankar Chakraborty , A K M Samsu Uddin Azad

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality, mineral content, and heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) in different types of biscuits collected from Chattogram. Significant variations were found in the physicochemical parameters (moisture, fat, ash, protein, fiber, and carbohydrate) affecting overall quality and nutritional value. Moisture and ash content were higher than the safety standards in some samples. This highlights the risk of microbial growth and the use of low-grade raw materials. Among minerals, only sodium (Na) exceeded the tolerable daily intake level. Heavy metals were found only in very few samples. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted the differences in the compositional profile. Compositional profile deviations occur as a result of variations in formulation practices and raw materials. The method was validated by performing the Limit of Detection (LOD), the Limit of Quantification (LOQ), and recovery analysis. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) was less than one. The Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) demonstrated negligible non-carcinogenic risks for both adults and children. This study underscores the importance of quality control and regulatory monitoring to safeguard public health.

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饼干的重金属污染、营养成分和健康风险评估：蒙特卡罗模拟方法

本研究采用原子吸收分光光度法（AAS）评价了Chattogram采集的不同类型饼干的营养品质、矿物质含量和重金属含量。理化参数（水分、脂肪、灰分、蛋白质、纤维和碳水化合物）的显著变化影响了整体品质和营养价值。部分样品水分和灰分含量高于安全标准。这突出了微生物生长和使用低级原料的风险。在矿物质中，只有钠（Na）超过了可耐受的日摄入量。重金属只在极少数样品中被发现。层次聚类分析（HCA）和主成分分析（PCA）强调了成分分布的差异。由于配方实践和原材料的变化，会产生成分轮廓偏差。通过检测限（LOD）、定量限（LOQ）和回收率分析对该方法进行了验证。目标危害商（THQ）小于1。蒙特卡罗模拟（MCS）显示成人和儿童的非致癌风险可以忽略不计。这项研究强调了质量控制和监管监测对保障公众健康的重要性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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