New therapeutic insights of marine derived alginate nanoparticles on experimental giardiasis

Abstract

Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia, is a prevailing gastrointestinal infection with significant global health implications. Traditional treatments, primarily based on nitroimidazole derivatives, often face challenges such as drug resistance and adverse side effects. This study explores the use of alginate nanoparticles (Alg-NPs) as a novel therapy against experimental giardiasis. Treating Giardia-infected mice with Alg-NPs resulted in a significant reduction in the parasite load up to 88.2 % and 92.7 % in trophozoite and cyst counts, respectively. Ultrastructurally, the treated trophozoites showed significant structural damage, including disrupted membrane integrity and loss of flagella. Alg-Nps also reduced the oxidative stress marker MDA and improved the antioxidant GSH level in treated mice. These changes were reflected in restoration of the intestinal architecture and a reduction in inflammation. Additionally, enterocytes exhibited enhanced cellular integrity and reduced signs of damage, as shown by histopathological and ultrastructure examinations. These changes were accompanied by a significant elevation in IL-17A levels in the treated mice, confirming the immune-stimulatory role of Alg-Nps in aiding the elimination of the Giardia infection. In conclusion, this multi-faceted study demonstrates the potential of Alg-NPs as a promising therapeutic strategy against giardiasis that not only effectively targets the parasite but also mitigates host tissue damage and inflammation, paving the way for further research and potential clinical applications.