Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of gastrin releasing peptide receptor antagonist [18F]MeTz-PEG2-RM26 for positron emission tomography

Abstract

Background

The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is overexpressed in the majority of primary prostate cancer lesions, with persistent expression in lymph nodes and bone metastases, making it a legitimate molecular target for diagnostic imaging and staging. This study presents the synthesis and preclinical evaluation of [¹⁸F]MeTz-PEG₂-RM26, a GRPR antagonist which utilises the Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction for ¹⁸F-labelling. This click-chemistry approach allows for site-specific incorporation of fluorine-18 under mild conditions, preserving the peptide’s structural integrity and biological activity. Receptor specificity and affinity of [¹⁸F]MeTz-PEG₂-RM26 were evaluated in vitro using GRPR-expressing PC-3 cells. Furthermore, the biodistribution profile of [¹⁸F]MeTz-PEG₂-RM26 was assessed in NMRI mice and its tumour-targeting capability was investigated in mice bearing PC-3 xenografts.

Results

The labelling of TCO-PEG₂-RM26 precursor involved three steps: (1) synthesis of an ¹⁸F-labelled activated ester on a quaternary methyl ammonium (QMA) cartridge, (2) conjugation of the labelled ester to a tetrazine amine, and (3) attachment to TCO-PEG₂-RM26 via an IEDDA click reaction. This production method of [¹⁸F]MeTz-PEG₂-RM26 afforded a high apparent molar activity of 3.5–4.3 GBq/µmol and radiochemical purity exceeding 98%, with 43–70 MBq activity incorporation, while the entire synthesis was completed within 75 min. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the specific binding of [¹⁸F]MeTz-PEG₂-RM26 to GRPR, with a significant reduction in activity uptake observed upon receptor saturation. The radioligand exhibited rapid blood clearance and minimal bone uptake, confirming the stability of the fluorine-carbon bond. However, high hepatic uptake (12–13% IA/g at 1 h post-injection) indicated predominant hepatobiliary excretion. Receptor-mediated uptake was observed in the tumours and pancreatic tissue, although the overall activity uptake in tumours was low, likely due to the rapid hepatobiliary clearance of [¹⁸F]MeTz-PEG₂-RM26.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the IEDDA click reaction for fluorine-18 labelling of GRPR-targeting PET tracers. Future studies should focus on increasing the hydrophilicity of the imaging probe to improve the targeting properties and biodistribution profile of the radioligand.