A comprehensive insight into the role of synthesis methods on the properties and performance of bio-derived heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production

Abstract

The over-reliance on fossil fuels has led to significant environmental and climatic challenges, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable energy alternatives. Biodiesel, which is traditionally produced through the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats, provides a low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels. However, for catalytic systems, the efficiency of biodiesel synthesis is significantly dependent on the nature of the catalysts used. Conventional homogeneous catalysts, although effective, face challenges such as high energy consumption, soap formation, non-recoverability, and corrosion issues. In contrast, heterogeneous catalysts, especially those derived from biogenic waste, offer cost, reusability, and environmental impact advantages. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the synthesis methods and performance of heterogeneous catalysts derived from waste materials for biodiesel production, representing an elucidation of the role of synthesis methods on the properties of these catalysts. Understanding this relationship is important for optimizing biodiesel production efficiency as global efforts intensify to transition away from fossil fuels. This review analyzes the properties of these catalysts, such as surface area, pore structure, morphology, metal dispersion, chemical composition, and thermal stability, using fit-for-purpose characterization techniques. By focusing on the synthesis-property-performance nexus, this review highlights the importance of selecting and optimizing synthesis methods to achieve high-performance catalysts for efficient biodiesel production. The review also addresses challenges in heterogeneous catalyst synthesis, providing a balanced perspective on the current state of the art. Importantly, this work establishes a new framework for understanding and optimizing bio-derived catalyst synthesis, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable biodiesel production methods. This review contributes new knowledge to the field of renewable energy, aligning with global sustainability goals.