Efficacy of Natural Products as Tyrosinase Inhibitors in Hyperpigmentation Therapy: Anti-Melanogenic or Anti-Browning Effects

Abstract

Hyperpigmentation in human skin and enzymatic browning are prevalent and undesirable phenomena. Several factors contribute to hyperpigmentation including ultraviolet radiation, hormonal fluctuations, genetic predisposition, aging, certain medications, inflammation, and skin trauma. Tyrosinase (TYR), the principal enzyme implicated in these processes, is recognized for its crucial role in melanogenesis and browning reactions. This has spurred extensive research aimed at identifying, isolating, and characterizing novel and potent TYR inhibitors for applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Although significant progress has been made in the development of TYR inhibitors, concerns regarding their safety persist due to potential adverse effects. Ongoing research is focused on identifying effective and safe candidates for TYR inhibition derived from medicinal plants. So, this review focuses on the diverse range of TYR inhibitors from natural sources. To date, numerous natural inhibitors have been identified through various screening techniques. Dietary intake significantly impacts dermatological health, with beneficial effects from consuming antioxidant-rich foods, polyphenols, flavonoids, omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, selenium, and iron-rich foods and maintaining adequate hydration. Polyphenols and stilbenes have been recognized as the most effective classes of compounds as TYR inhibitors. Till now, only a limited number of these inhibitors have been deemed suitable for clinical use as skin-whitening agents. The insights presented in this review will offer a fresh perspective for advancing research aimed at developing safe and effective TYR inhibitors derived from medicinal plants.