{"title":"Potential regulation of artesunate on bone metabolism through suppressing inflammatory infiltration in type 2 diabetes mellitus.","authors":"Jinghong Luo, Kun Chen, Xiaolin Nong","doi":"10.1080/08923973.2024.2444953","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Osteoimmunology is an emerging field that explores the interplay between bone and the immune system. The immune system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and significantly affects bone homeostasis. Artesunate, a first-line treatment for malaria, is known for its low toxicity and multifunctional properties. Increasing evidence suggests that artesunate possesses anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and osteogenic effects. This review aims to explore the relationship between immune regulation and bone metabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and to investigate the potential therapeutic application of artesunate.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review systematically examines literature from PubMed/Medline, Elsevier, Web of Science, Embase, the International Diabetes Federation, and other relevant databases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This review synthesizes evidence from multiple sources to delineate the relationship between T lymphocytes and T2DM, the regulation of T lymphocyte subsets in bone metabolism, and the effects of artesunate on both T lymphocytes and bone metabolism. Recent studies suggest a bidirectional regulatory relationship between T2DM and T lymphocytes (CD4<sup>+</sup> T and CD8<sup>+</sup> T) during the onset and progression of the disease, with inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines serving as key mediators. T lymphocyte subsets and their cytokines play a pivotal role in regulating osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in pathological conditions. Furthermore, artesunate has shown promise in modulating inflammatory infiltration and bone metabolism.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The accumulated evidence indicates that artesunate exerts regulatory effects on bone metabolism in T2DM by influencing T lymphocyte differentiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13420,"journal":{"name":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","volume":"47 2","pages":"147-158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2024.2444953","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/6 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"IMMUNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Objective: Osteoimmunology is an emerging field that explores the interplay between bone and the immune system. The immune system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and significantly affects bone homeostasis. Artesunate, a first-line treatment for malaria, is known for its low toxicity and multifunctional properties. Increasing evidence suggests that artesunate possesses anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and osteogenic effects. This review aims to explore the relationship between immune regulation and bone metabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and to investigate the potential therapeutic application of artesunate.
Methods: This review systematically examines literature from PubMed/Medline, Elsevier, Web of Science, Embase, the International Diabetes Federation, and other relevant databases.
Results: This review synthesizes evidence from multiple sources to delineate the relationship between T lymphocytes and T2DM, the regulation of T lymphocyte subsets in bone metabolism, and the effects of artesunate on both T lymphocytes and bone metabolism. Recent studies suggest a bidirectional regulatory relationship between T2DM and T lymphocytes (CD4+ T and CD8+ T) during the onset and progression of the disease, with inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines serving as key mediators. T lymphocyte subsets and their cytokines play a pivotal role in regulating osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in pathological conditions. Furthermore, artesunate has shown promise in modulating inflammatory infiltration and bone metabolism.
Conclusion: The accumulated evidence indicates that artesunate exerts regulatory effects on bone metabolism in T2DM by influencing T lymphocyte differentiation.
目的：骨免疫学是一门研究骨与免疫系统相互作用的新兴学科。免疫系统在糖尿病的发病机制中起着至关重要的作用，并显著影响骨稳态。青蒿琥酯是疟疾的一线治疗药物，以其低毒和多功能特性而闻名。越来越多的证据表明，青蒿琥酯具有抗炎、免疫调节和成骨作用。本文旨在探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）免疫调节与骨代谢的关系，并探讨青蒿琥酯的潜在治疗应用。方法：本综述系统地查阅了PubMed/Medline、Elsevier、Web of Science、Embase、国际糖尿病联合会和其他相关数据库的文献。结果：本文综合了多个来源的证据，描述了T淋巴细胞与T2DM的关系，T淋巴细胞亚群在骨代谢中的调节，以及青蒿琥酯对T淋巴细胞和骨代谢的影响。最近的研究表明，T2DM在发病和发展过程中与T淋巴细胞（CD4+ T和CD8+ T）存在双向调节关系，炎症和抗炎细胞因子是关键介质。T淋巴细胞亚群及其细胞因子在病理条件下调节成骨和破骨细胞发生中起关键作用。此外，青蒿琥酯在调节炎症浸润和骨代谢方面显示出前景。结论：已有证据表明，青蒿琥酯通过影响T淋巴细胞分化对T2DM患者骨代谢具有调节作用。
期刊介绍：
The journal Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology is devoted to pre-clinical and clinical drug discovery and development targeting the immune system. Research related to the immunoregulatory effects of various compounds, including small-molecule drugs and biologics, on immunocompetent cells and immune responses, as well as the immunotoxicity exerted by xenobiotics and drugs. Only research that describe the mechanisms of specific compounds (not extracts) is of interest to the journal.
The journal will prioritise preclinical and clinical studies on immunotherapy of disorders such as chronic inflammation, allergy, autoimmunity, cancer etc. The effects of small-drugs, vaccines and biologics against central immunological targets as well as cell-based therapy, including dendritic cell therapy, T cell adoptive transfer and stem cell therapy, are topics of particular interest. Publications pointing towards potential new drug targets within the immune system or novel technology for immunopharmacological drug development are also welcome.
With an immunoscience focus on drug development, immunotherapy and toxicology, the journal will cover areas such as infection, allergy, inflammation, tumor immunology, degenerative disorders, immunodeficiencies, neurology, atherosclerosis and more.
Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology will accept original manuscripts, brief communications, commentaries, mini-reviews, reviews, clinical trials and clinical cases, on the condition that the results reported are based on original, clinical, or basic research that has not been published elsewhere in any journal in any language (except in abstract form relating to paper communicated to scientific meetings and symposiums).
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