Ferroptosis contributed to endoplasmic reticulum stress in preterm birth by targeting LHX1 and IRE-1

Abstract

Preterm birth (PTB) significantly contributed to neonatal mortality, emphasizing the need for a detailed understanding of its pathogenesis. This study aimed to explore the involvement of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death process, in PTB and investigated the possible crosstalk with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). First, we explored the occurrence of ferroptosis in placenta samples from PTB parturients. Then we established a ferroptosis cell model was established by subjecting trophoblast cells to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), and found the ERS was induced in H/R exposed cells and was attenuated by ferroptosis inhibition using Fer-1, suggesting that ferroptosis could induce ERS. Meanwhile, we also induced ERS in trophoblast cells via tunicamycin (TM) treatment. Ferroptosis inhibition with Fer-1 alleviated TM-induced ER stress. TM treatment reduced trophoblast cell viability and migration while promoted apoptosis and autophagy, effects that were reversed by ferroptosis inhibition. Thus, targeting ferroptosis might help mitigate ER stress-related pathophysiological changes in PTB. Mechanically, we found two ERS mediators LIM homeobox 1 (LHX1)/Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1) were also upregulated in H/R treated cells. Silencing LHX1 or IRE-1 was demonstrated to reverse the H/R-induced ferroptosis. Additionally, rescue assays further revealed that LHX1 promoted ferroptosis by regulating IRE-1. In conclusion, ferroptosis contributed to ERS and was critically involved in PTB, highlighting the LHX1/IRE-1 axis as a promising therapeutic target for mitigating ferroptosis-related complications. These findings offered a foundation for innovative interventions in preterm birth.