ZnMn2O4 applications in batteries and supercapacitors: a comprehensive review

Abstract

ZnMn₂O₄ (ZMO) has emerged as a promising material for energy storage applications due to its high theoretical capacity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. This review comprehensively explores the structure, synthesis methods, and performance of ZMO in various energy storage systems, including supercapacitors and batteries such as lithium-ion (LIBs), sodium-ion (SIBs) and zinc-ion (ZIBs) batteries, due to its exceptional electrochemical properties. The influence of various synthesis techniques on the structural and morphological features of ZMO, which directly impact its electrochemical performance will be discussed. The review also delves into the charge storage mechanism of ZMO in supercapacitors, examining the effects of morphology, composites, and doping on its performance. Additionally, the use of ZMO as an anode material for LIBs and SIBs and its potential as a cathode material in ZIBs are discussed. The review also addresses key challenges and proposes strategies to enhance performance including incorporating conductive materials, synergizing with other materials, and doping. An outlook on the current challenges, future directions, and potential pathways for performance enhancement is also presented.