Tailoring selectivity and efficiency: pyrazolyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole MCM-41 and silica hybrid materials for efficient cadmium(II) removal from water

Abstract

Two novel silica-based hybrid materials, M1 and M2, based on silica gel and MCM-41 with a ditopic triazole-pyrazole ligand grafted onto their surfaces, respectively, were successfully synthesized and fully characterized. The adsorption capacity of these organic–inorganic hybrid materials was evaluated for copper(II), cadmium(II), and lead(II) ions. Experimental parameters including solution pH, contact time, temperature, and adsorbate concentration were systematically investigated. The obtained experimental data were analyzed using diverse adsorption isotherms and models to assess and interpret the behavior of the adsorbents. Notably, the newly synthesized materials exhibited exceptional selectivity, ultra-rapid adsorption rates within the first few minutes, and high removal efficiencies of 81.40 and 121.26 mg/g for M1 and M2, respectively, towards Cd(II). Moreover, reusability assessments demonstrated excellent consistency, with only marginal decreases in adsorption capacities of less than 8% observed over five consecutive cycles. Interestingly, the application of M1 and M2 for the extraction of transition metals from real contaminated river water, from Nador city in Morocco, showcased their effectiveness in removing heavy metal ions even at low concentrations, with M2 achieving up to 67% cadmium removal. These findings highlight the potential of both materials as reliable systems for heavy metal removal in practical environmental remediation applications, with material M2 demonstrating superior performance over M1.

Graphical abstract