Microbial Antioxidative Enzymes: Biotechnological Production and Environmental and Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Microbial antioxidative enzymes play a crucial role environmental and biomedical application. The key environmental applications of microbial antioxidative enzymes include addressing challenges related to pollution, waste management, and environmental degradation. The main antioxidant enzymes involved in converting hazardous wastes into nontoxic or biodegradable materials include catalases, superoxide dismutases, xanthine oxidases, and glutathione peroxidases. In living cells, antioxidative enzymes cooperate to shield cells from excess reactive oxygen species derived from endogenous metabolism or the external microenvironment and eliminate oxidative stress. These enzymes are crucial to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries as well as in the treatment of a number of diseases. Biotechnological production of these enzymes involves both solid-state and submerged fermentation processes. Solid-state fermentation is gaining popularity over submerged processes because it is economical and environmentally benign. The bioprocessing for the production of antioxidative enzymes involves diverse microorganisms. The enzymes are purified by chromatography methods such as gel filtration, gas chromatography, ion exchange and HPLC. The present study focused on microbial antioxidative enzyme production and its applications. This review comprehensively covers the diversity of antioxidative enzyme-producing microorganisms, the biotechnological production of antioxidative enzymes, the bioprocessing parameters and the applications of antioxidant enzymes in various fields.