{"title":"Liquid Ion Chromatographic Determination of Soluble Ions in Water: Comparison of Greenness and Comprehensive Assessment of Irrigation Suitability","authors":"Olha Biedunkova, Pavlo Kuznietsov","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-07975-3","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The monitoring of ions in natural water provides valuable insights into environmental processes and impacts. Liquid ion chromatography (LIC) is a widely utilised method for the analysis of ionic species in water, facilitating the identification of pollution and environmental assessment. Despite its accuracy and reliability, LIC methods are not widely adopted, with outdated methods such as flame photometry and titrimetry still being prevalent. In this study, we employed LIC to assess the concentrations of cations (Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and anions (Cl<sup>−</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) in the surface water of the Styr river, Ukraine. The LIC measurements were conducted using Dionex ICS- 1500 and ICS- 2000 devices, with anion and cation exchange columns and appropriate eluents. Samples were collected on a weekly basis throughout 2023, subsequently stored and handled in accordance with standardised protocols. The analysis of the data was conducted using Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA), with the objective of identifying underlying relationships between parameters. The greenness of the LIC method was then compared with that of traditional methods using the AGREE software metric. The ion concentrations present in the Styr river exhibited a specific order of abundance: Ca<sup>2+</sup> > Mg<sup>2+</sup> > Na<sup>+</sup> > K<sup>+</sup> for cations and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> > Cl<sup>−</sup> for anions. Pearson's correlation and PCA identified five principal components representing different aspects of the water's ionic composition. The greenness assessment using AGREE indicated that the LIC method is more sustainable compared to traditional methods. The comprehensive evaluation of irrigation suitability, based on various indices, confirmed that the water of the Styr river is suitable for irrigation. The adoption of LIC, coupled with green analytical practices, can significantly enhance water quality assessment, promoting sustainable environmental management.</p><h3>Graphic Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","FirstCategoryId":"6","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-025-07975-3","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The monitoring of ions in natural water provides valuable insights into environmental processes and impacts. Liquid ion chromatography (LIC) is a widely utilised method for the analysis of ionic species in water, facilitating the identification of pollution and environmental assessment. Despite its accuracy and reliability, LIC methods are not widely adopted, with outdated methods such as flame photometry and titrimetry still being prevalent. In this study, we employed LIC to assess the concentrations of cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and anions (Cl−, SO42−) in the surface water of the Styr river, Ukraine. The LIC measurements were conducted using Dionex ICS- 1500 and ICS- 2000 devices, with anion and cation exchange columns and appropriate eluents. Samples were collected on a weekly basis throughout 2023, subsequently stored and handled in accordance with standardised protocols. The analysis of the data was conducted using Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA), with the objective of identifying underlying relationships between parameters. The greenness of the LIC method was then compared with that of traditional methods using the AGREE software metric. The ion concentrations present in the Styr river exhibited a specific order of abundance: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ for cations and SO42− > Cl− for anions. Pearson's correlation and PCA identified five principal components representing different aspects of the water's ionic composition. The greenness assessment using AGREE indicated that the LIC method is more sustainable compared to traditional methods. The comprehensive evaluation of irrigation suitability, based on various indices, confirmed that the water of the Styr river is suitable for irrigation. The adoption of LIC, coupled with green analytical practices, can significantly enhance water quality assessment, promoting sustainable environmental management.
期刊介绍：
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments.
Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation.
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.
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