Evaluation of multi-channel phase reconstruction methods for quantitative susceptibility mapping on postmortem human brain

Fábio Seiji Otsuka , Maria Concepcion Garcia Otaduy , José Henrique Monteiro Azevedo , Khallil Taverna Chaim , Carlos Ernesto Garrido Salmon
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Abstract

Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) is an established Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique with high potential in brain iron studies associated to several neurodegenerative diseases. Unlike other MRI techniques, QSM relies on phase images to estimate tissue's relative susceptibility, therefore requiring a reliable phase data. Phase images from a multi-channel acquisition should be reconstructed in a proper way. On this work it was compared the performance of combination of phase matching algorithms (MCPC3D-S and VRC) and phase combination methods based on a complex weighted sum of phases, considering the magnitude at different powers (k = 0 to 4) as the weighting factor. These reconstruction methods were applied in two datasets: a simulated brain dataset for a 4-coil array and data of 22 postmortem subjects acquired at a 7T scanner using a 32 channels coil. For the simulated dataset, differences between the ground truth and the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) were evaluated. For both simulated and postmortem data, the mean (MS) and standard deviation (SD) of susceptibility values of five deep gray matter regions were calculated. For the postmortem subjects, MS and SD were statistically compared across all subjects. A qualitative analysis indicated no differences between methods, except for the Adaptive approach on postmortem data, which showed intense artifacts. In the 20% noise level case, the simulated data showed increased noise in central regions. Quantitative analysis showed that both MS and SD were not statistically different when comparing k=1 and k=2 on postmortem brain images, however visual inspection showed some boundaries artifacts on k=2. Furthermore, the RMSE decreased (on regions near the coils) and increased (on central regions and on overall QSM) with increasing k. In conclusion, for reconstruction of phase images from multiple coils with no reference available, alternative methods are needed. In this study it was found that overall, the phase combination with k=1 is preferred over other powers of k.

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多通道相位重建方法在人死后大脑定量易感性图谱中的应用
定量敏感性制图(QSM)是一种成熟的磁共振成像(MRI)技术,在脑铁研究中具有很高的潜力,与一些神经退行性疾病有关。与其他MRI技术不同,QSM依赖于相位图像来估计组织的相对易感性,因此需要可靠的相位数据。多通道采集的相位图像需要以适当的方式进行重构。在此基础上,比较了相位匹配组合算法(MCPC3D-S和VRC)与基于相位复加权和的相位组合算法的性能,考虑了不同幂次(k = 0 ~ 4)的幅值作为权重因子。这些重建方法应用于两个数据集:一个是4线圈阵列的模拟大脑数据集,另一个是使用32通道线圈的7T扫描仪获得的22名死后受试者的数据。对于模拟数据集,评估了真实值与均方根误差(RMSE)之间的差异。对于模拟和死后的数据,计算5个深灰质区域的敏感性值的平均值(MS)和标准差(SD)。对于死后受试者,MS和SD在所有受试者中进行统计学比较。定性分析表明,除了对死后数据的自适应方法显示出强烈的伪影外,两种方法之间没有差异。在噪声水平为20%的情况下,模拟数据显示中部地区的噪声增加。定量分析显示,在k=1和k=2时,死后脑图像的MS和SD均无统计学差异,但在k=2时,目视检查显示有边界伪影。此外,随着k的增加,RMSE(在线圈附近区域)降低,(在中心区域和整体QSM上)增加。总之,对于没有参考资料的多个线圈的相位图像重建,需要替代方法。在本研究中发现,总的来说,k=1的相组合优于k的其他幂。
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