The subjective meaning of illness in severe otosclerosis: a descriptive study in three steps based on focus group interviews and written questionnaire.

Abstract

The aim of this study of otosclerosis patients was to highlight the circumstances specific to an operable middle ear disease and to describe the psychologically unique aspects accompanying this disorder. In a first step five subjects participated in four focus group interviews, from which emanated a questionnaire answered in a second step by 28 randomly chosen subjects. Finally a second series of supplementary focus interviews were conducted with another group of subjects, after which the interview material was subjected to code-mapping, agreement and validation. The study results indicate that ear surgery was a very important occurrence in the lives of the patients and a unique aspect was that they were burdened by a sense of responsibility for deciding in favour of or against the ear surgery and in choosing the time for operation. An event as tangible as an operation impacts on the individual's psychological processing of the fact that one of his or her senses is damaged. The message to the person's surroundings is very clear: the operation makes others understand how serious the situation is, gives rise to a sense of sympathy. These factors together may promote adaptation to the handicap, or alternately, at least for some persons, may impede adaptation to the necessary hearing aids. To some individuals hearing aids were strongly associated with periods of deteriorating hearing and therefore had negative connotations. Thus the hearing aid was used while waiting for surgery or instead of surgery. The constant hope of regaining one's hearing through ear surgery, although not totally realistic in these cases of severe otosclerosis, always makes the hearing aid the second best solution. The overall conclusion from this study is that there are specific circumstances of an operable ear disease which have great impact upon quality of life, well-being and adaptation. The psychological situation is one of instability, feelings of responsibility and at times of anxiety. Patients with otosclerosis are sometimes told that they are better off than others with impaired hearing, because surgery can improve their hearing and because good amplification through hearing aids can be achieved in persons with conductive hearing losses. It is our hope that this study has helped to provide a fuller picture of the facts of life for persons with severe otosclerosis.