Extraretinal photoreceptors and their regulation of temporal physiology.

R G Foster, B G Soni
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引用次数: 63

Abstract

The extraretinal photoreceptors of non-mammalian vertebrates play an important role in the regulation of temporal physiology. Both the regulation of circadian clocks and the photoperiodic response of many animals depend upon the photic information provided by these receptors. Since their discovery at the beginning of this century, and despite their importance, extraretinal photoreceptors have remained poorly understood. Until recently, their cellular location within the central nervous system, and the nature of the photopigments they use, remained a mystery. Antibodies directed against rod or cone photopigment proteins have been used in immunocytochemical procedures to localize extraretinal photoreceptors. However, findings have been confusing. The use of molecular approaches has led to the identification of several new photopigment gene families. Significantly, these genes are not expressed in the rods and cones of the retina, but in many sites within the central nervous system. Moreover, molecular approaches have proved useful in clarifying some of the earlier immunocytochemical results. Collectively, the recent findings show that non-mammalian vertebrates possess multiple extraocular photoreceptors that may express novel, rod or even cone photopigments. The future challenge is to link these photoreceptors with circadian and photoperiodic physiology.

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视网膜外光感受器及其对时间生理的调节。
非哺乳类脊椎动物视网膜外光感受器在时间生理调节中起重要作用。许多动物的生物钟调节和光周期反应都依赖于这些受体提供的光信息。自本世纪初发现视网膜外光感受器以来,尽管它们很重要,但人们对它们的了解仍然很少。直到最近,它们在中枢神经系统中的细胞位置,以及它们使用的光色素的性质,仍然是一个谜。针对杆状或锥状光色素蛋白的抗体已在免疫细胞化学程序中用于定位视网膜外光感受器。然而,研究结果令人困惑。利用分子方法鉴定了几个新的光色素基因家族。值得注意的是,这些基因并不在视网膜的视杆细胞和视锥细胞中表达,而是在中枢神经系统的许多部位表达。此外,分子方法已被证明有助于澄清一些早期的免疫细胞化学结果。总的来说,最近的研究结果表明,非哺乳动物脊椎动物具有多种眼外光感受器,这些光感受器可能表达新型,杆状甚至锥状光色素。未来的挑战是将这些光感受器与昼夜节律和光周期生理学联系起来。
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