Nuclear protein transport pathways.

M Köhler, H Haller, E Hartmann
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引用次数: 32

Abstract

Nuclear proteins like transcription factors and ribosomal proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and have to be transported into the nucleus to fulfill their functions. The transport of proteins >20-60 kD through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) into the nucleus is an active, energy-requiring process. Transport substrates are recognized by their transport proteins via certain signals. The best-characterized protein import pathway is the 'classical' nuclear localization signal-dependent pathway with importin alpha and beta carrying the substrate to the NPC. The transport of the importin-substrate complex into the nucleus is regulated by the small GTPase Ran/TC4. During the last years more than ten proteins have been discovered which have already been proven or are very likely to be nuclear transport factors of distinct import pathways: members of the importin alpha protein family are very similar and transport in complex with importin beta nuclear localization signal-bearing proteins into the nucleus. Members of the Ran-binding protein family show some weak similarity to importin beta. Sharing a common domain at the amino terminus, they are able to bind RanGTP, a prerequisite for their function as nuclear import or export factors for distinct proteins or RNAs. However, Ran/TC4 seems to play a key regulatory role in all nuclear transport pathways described so far, although the molecular mechanism of the translocation step through the NPC is still unclear.

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核蛋白转运途径。
像转录因子和核糖体蛋白这样的核蛋白是在细胞质中合成的,必须被运送到细胞核中才能完成它们的功能。>20- 60kd的蛋白质通过核孔复合物(NPC)进入细胞核是一个主动的、需要能量的过程。转运底物被转运蛋白通过一定的信号识别。最具特征的蛋白质输入途径是“经典的”核定位信号依赖途径,其输入蛋白α和β将底物携带到NPC。进口蛋白-底物复合物进入细胞核的运输是由小GTPase Ran/TC4调控的。在过去的几年里,已经发现了十多种蛋白质,这些蛋白质已经被证明或很可能是具有不同进口途径的核转运因子:进口蛋白α家族的成员非常相似,并且与进口蛋白β核定位信号携带蛋白复杂地转运到细胞核中。ran结合蛋白家族的成员与输入β蛋白有微弱的相似性。它们在氨基端有一个共同的结构域,能够结合RanGTP,这是它们作为不同蛋白质或rna的核输入或输出因子功能的先决条件。然而,Ran/TC4似乎在迄今所描述的所有核转运途径中起着关键的调节作用,尽管通过NPC的转运步骤的分子机制尚不清楚。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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