Novel metronidazole-derived three-component hybrids as promising broad-spectrum agents to combat oppressive bacterial resistance

Abstract

The dreadful bacterial resistance to clinical drugs calls for the development of novel antibacterials. This work developed a class of unique metronidazole-derived three-component hybrids as promising antibacterial therapeutic alternatives. Bioactive assay discovered that p-chlorophenylhydrazone derivative 6b possessed excellent ability to suppress the growth of drug-resistant E. coli (MIC = 0.5 µg/mL), being 16 folds more potent than norfloxacin (MIC = 8 µg/mL). The active molecule 6b with imperceptible hemolysis could effectively retard the development of bacterial drug resistance within 30 passages. Moreover, compound 6b displayed a favorable inhibitory effect on E. coli biofilms and could act rapidly in bactericidal efficacy. Subsequent exploration of mechanism revealed that 6b could destruct the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, leading to the leakage of intracellular protein. The inactivation of lactate dehydrogenase, metabolic stagnation and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species caused by 6b were observed. Furthermore, molecule 6b could form a supramolecular complex with DNA to obstruct DNA replication. These results demonstrated that metronidazole-derived three-component hybrids provided a large potential for deep development as prospective antibacterial agents.