Joseph John Thomson's models of matter and radiation in the early 1890s.

Stefano Bordoni
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Abstract

In the late nineteenth century, Joseph John Thomson moved away from Maxwell's specific theoretical models of matter and energy, even though he continued to rely on the general framework of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. In his 1893 book, he accomplished the conceptual drift towards a discrete model for matter, electricity, and fields. In Thomson's model, energy was linked to tubes of force, in particular to the aether contained in them and surrounding them: the energy was the kinetic energy of aether, of both a rotational and translational kind. Starting from Maxwell's electromagnetic fields, namely stresses propagating through a continuous solid medium, Thomson arrived at a representation of fields as a sea of discrete units carrying energy and momentum. He tried to transform Maxwell's theory into a unified picture in which atomic models of matter stood beside atomic models of fields. In 1904 his interpretation of X-rays was based on the integration between two complementary features of electromagnetic radiation, the continuity and the discreteness, and on some kind of fibrous aether. In recent secondary literature, the problematic conceptual link between J. J. Thomson's theory and contemporary theories on electromagnetic radiation has been underestimated. On the contrary, in the first half of the twentieth century, some physicists inquired into that link, and a widespread debate emerged, misunderstandings included.

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约瑟夫·约翰·汤姆森在19世纪90年代早期提出的物质和辐射模型。
19世纪后期,约瑟夫·约翰·汤姆逊放弃了麦克斯韦关于物质和能量的具体理论模型,尽管他继续依赖于麦克斯韦电磁理论的一般框架。在他1893年的书中,他完成了对物质、电和场的离散模型的概念漂移。在汤姆逊的模型中,能量与力管联系在一起,特别是与管内和管外的以太联系在一起:能量是以太的动能,既包括旋转的,也包括平动的。从麦克斯韦电磁场开始,即应力在连续固体介质中传播,汤姆森将场表示为携带能量和动量的离散单元的海洋。他试图将麦克斯韦的理论转化为一个统一的图景,在这个图景中,物质的原子模型与场的原子模型并存。1904年,他对x射线的解释是基于电磁辐射的两个互补特征,连续性和离散性之间的整合,以及某种纤维以太。在最近的二手文献中,j.j.汤姆逊理论与当代电磁辐射理论之间存在问题的概念联系被低估了。相反,在20世纪上半叶,一些物理学家对这种联系进行了研究,出现了广泛的争论,包括误解。
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FRANCO RASETTI, A ASCIENTIS ACROSS PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY. IL SORRISO DEL BABBUINO. I PROBLEMI DELL'EVOLUZIONE VISTI DA UN FISICO. DECLINAZIONI DEL RAPPORTO PSICOLOGIA0FILOSOFIA: RIFLESSI SULL'INSEGNAMENTO ACCADEMICO NELL'INCHIESTA DI ENZO BONAVENTURA DEL 1914. MODELLI CHIMICI DEL VIVENTE LE ORIGINI DEL CENCETTO DI «MACCHINA CHIMICA». LE RICERCHE SPERIMENTALI DI ENZO BONAVENTURA SUL TEMPO SICOLOGICO.
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