Gastrointestinal Tract Commensal Bacteria and Probiotics: Influence on End-Organ Physiology.

Luis Vitetta, Talia Palacios, Sean Hall, Samantha Coulson
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引用次数: 3

Abstract

Bacteria represent the earliest form of independent life on this planet. Bacterial development has included cooperative symbiosis with plants (e.g., Leguminosae family and nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil) and animals (e.g., the gut microbiome). It is generally agreed upon that the fusion of two prokaryotes evolutionarily gave rise to the eukaryotic cell in which mitochondria may be envisaged as a genetically functional mosaic, a relic from one of the prokaryotes. This is expressed by the appearance of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells (an alpha-proteobacteria input), a significant endosymbiotic evolutionary event. As such, the evolution of human life has been complexly connected to bacterial activities. Hence, microbial colonization of mammals has been a progressively driven process. The interactions between the human host and the microbiome inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for example, afford the human host the necessary cues for the development of regulated signals that in part are induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). This regulated activity then promotes immunological tolerance and metabolic regulation and stability, which then helps establish control of local and extraintestinal end-organ (e.g., kidneys) physiology. Pharmacobiotics, the targeted administration of live probiotic cultures, is an advancing area of potential therapeutics, either directly or as adjuvants. Hence the continued scientific understanding of the human microbiome in health and disease may further lead to fine tuning the targeted delivery of probiotics for a therapeutic gain.

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胃肠道共生菌和益生菌对终末器官生理的影响。
细菌代表了地球上最早的独立生命形式。细菌的发展包括与植物(如豆科植物和土壤中的固氮细菌)和动物(如肠道微生物群)的合作共生。人们普遍认为,两种原核生物在进化上的融合产生了真核细胞,其中线粒体可能被认为是一种具有遗传功能的马赛克,是其中一种原核生物的遗物。这是通过真核细胞线粒体的出现(α -变形菌群的输入)来表达的,这是一个重要的内共生进化事件。因此,人类生命的进化与细菌的活动有着复杂的联系。因此,微生物对哺乳动物的定植是一个渐进的过程。例如,人类宿主与胃肠道微生物组(GIT)之间的相互作用为人类宿主提供了必要的线索,以发展部分由活性氧(ROS)诱导的调节信号。这种受调节的活性随后促进免疫耐受和代谢调节及稳定性,从而有助于建立对局部和肠外末端器官(如肾脏)生理的控制。药物生物制剂,即活益生菌培养物的靶向管理,是潜在治疗的一个前沿领域,无论是直接治疗还是作为佐剂。因此,对健康和疾病中人类微生物组的持续科学理解可能进一步导致微调益生菌的靶向递送以获得治疗收益。
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