Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: what are the risks in our diverse military population?

Abstract

We present the case of a 50-year-old, fit, asymptomatic gurkha officer. At a routine medical, an ECG showed T-wave inversion in the chest leads V3-6. Transthoracic echo showed left ventricular apical hypertrophy and cavity obliteration consistent with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed apical and inferior wall hypertrophy in the left ventricle with no aneurysm or scarring. A 24-hour monitor showed normal sinus rhythm with no evidence of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Eighteen-panel genetic testing revealed no specific mutations. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing demonstrated a V̇O2 max, anaerobic threshold and peak V̇O2 consistent with above average cardiopulmonary capacity. There was no family history of either ApHCM or sudden cardiac death (SCD). Risk of SCD by the European Society of Cardiology's HCM calculator was low. This case generates discussion on the prognosis of ApHCM, factors that worsen prognosis, occupational limitation considerations and appropriate monitoring in this patient group.