The implications of residential air conditioning refrigerant choice on future hydrofluorocarbon consumption in the United States.

IF 2.6 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI:10.1080/1943815x.2020.1768551
David S Godwin, Rebecca Ferenchiak
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引用次数: 10

Abstract

As the primary alternative to ozone-depleting refrigerants, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have increased in use and emissions in the United States. A significant increase in this use and emissions, and a large portion of total U.S. HFC consumption, is expected due to the use of HFCs in residential air conditioning (RAC). The RAC market primarily relied upon chlorodifluoromethane, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) commonly referred to as HCFC-22, whose consumption is being phased out globally under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and under national regulations such as the Clean Air Act in the United States. The RAC market today relies on HFCs, most often R-410A (a blend of difluoromethane, known as HFC-32, and pentafluoroethane, known as HFC-125) for new equipment, but older units using HCFC-22 remain to be replaced. The RAC industry is investigating multiple alternatives with global warming potentials (GWPs) significantly below that of R-410A. Research has been conducted by chemical producers, air conditioner and component manufacturers, national government laboratories, academia, and consortium efforts such as the Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program administered by an industry trade organization. Various low-GWP alternatives have been suggested with GWPs of approximately 750 and below. This paper models HFC consumption in the United States and investigates industry-wide HFC reduction measures across sectors that have transitioned from ozone-depleting substances to HFCs. Under various scenarios of such measures, this paper shows that future RAC refrigerants will strongly influence industry efforts to reduce U.S. HFC consumption. RAC refrigerants with GWPs in the 150-750 range are investigated to estimate future HFC consumption levels in the United States. The transition to refrigerants with GWPs in the 150-750 range can provide significant reduction in HFC consumption in the United States. These reductions are not just reliant on manufacturers introducing new equipment with low-GWP alternatives. The service industries, responsible for repairing leaks and recovering refrigerant, play a vital role in reducing HFC consumption.

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美国住宅空调制冷剂选择对未来氢氟碳消耗的影响。
作为消耗臭氧层制冷剂的主要替代品,氢氟碳化合物(HFCs)在美国的使用和排放量都有所增加。由于在住宅空调(RAC)中使用氢氟碳化物,预计这种使用和排放将显著增加,并占美国氢氟碳化物总消费量的很大一部分。RAC市场主要依赖于氯二氟甲烷,这是一种通常称为HCFC-22的氢氯氟烃,根据《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》和美国《清洁空气法》等国家法规,其消费正在全球逐步淘汰。目前RAC市场的新设备主要依靠氢氟碳化物,最常见的是R-410A(一种二氟甲烷的混合物,称为HFC-32,和五氟乙烷,称为HFC-125),但使用HCFC-22的旧设备仍有待更换。RAC行业正在研究多种全球变暖潜能值(GWPs)显著低于R-410A的替代品。化学品生产商、空调和零部件制造商、国家政府实验室、学术界和由工业贸易组织管理的低全球变暖潜值替代制冷剂评估计划等联合努力进行了研究。人们提出了各种低gwp值的替代方案,gwp值约为750及以下。本文模拟了美国氢氟碳化物的消费情况,并调查了从消耗臭氧层物质向氢氟碳化物过渡的各个部门的全行业氢氟碳化物减排措施。在这些措施的各种情况下,本文表明,未来RAC制冷剂将强烈影响行业减少美国HFC消耗的努力。研究了全球变暖潜能值在150-750范围内的RAC制冷剂,以估计美国未来的HFC消费水平。在美国,向全球变暖潜能值在150-750范围内的制冷剂过渡可以显著减少氢氟碳化物的消耗。这些减排不仅仅依赖于制造商引进具有低gwp替代品的新设备。服务行业负责修复泄漏和回收制冷剂,在减少HFC消耗方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
13
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences (JIES) provides a stimulating, informative and critical forum for intellectual debate on significant environmental issues. It brings together perspectives from a wide range of disciplines and methodologies in both the social and natural sciences in an effort to develop integrative knowledge about the processes responsible for environmental change. The Journal is especially concerned with the relationships between science, society and policy and one of its key aims is to advance understanding of the theory and practice of sustainable development.
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