The mechanisms of a bifunctional fluorescent probe for detecting fluoride and sulfite based on excited-state intramolecular proton transfer and intramolecular charge transfer.

Abstract

The mechanisms of 2-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)phenol-based bifunctional probe (HBT-FS) for detecting fluoride (F^-) and sulfite (SO₃ ^2-) based on excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) have been theoretically studied. Laplacian bond order of HBT-FS indicates that the F^- ion cleaves the Si-O bond and then forms Compound 2 possessing a six-membered ring with a hydrogen bond. Potential energy curves and dynamic simulations confirm that ESIPT in Compound 2 occurs along with this hydrogen bond and forms a keto structure with an emission at 623 nm, which agrees with the observed experimental value (634 nm) after adding F^-. Therefore, the fluorescence red-shift (from 498  to 634 nm) of HBT-FS observed in experiment after adding F^- is caused by ESIPT. The SO₃ ^2- ion is added to the C₅ site of HBT-FS, which is confirmed by orbital-weighted dual descriptor, and then forms Compound 3 with fluorescence located at 404 nm. The experimentally measured fluorescence at 371 nm after adding SO₃ ^2- is assigned to Compound 3. Charge transfer analyses indicate that the ICT extent of Compound 3 is relatively weak compared with that of HBT-FS because of the destruction of the conjugated structure by the addition reaction of SO₃ ^2-, which induces the blue-shift of the fluorescence of HBT-FS from 498 to 371 nm. The different fluorescence responses make HBT-FS a fluorescent probe to discriminatorily detect F^- and SO₃ ^2-.