Schizophrenia, the gut microbiota, and new opportunities from optogenetic manipulations of the gut-brain axis.

IF 4.7 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Behavioral and Brain Functions Pub Date : 2021-06-22 DOI:10.1186/s12993-021-00180-2
Enrico Patrono, Jan Svoboda, Aleš Stuchlík
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引用次数: 19

Abstract

Schizophrenia research arose in the twentieth century and is currently rapidly developing, focusing on many parallel research pathways and evaluating various concepts of disease etiology. Today, we have relatively good knowledge about the generation of positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. However, the neural basis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia, especially cognitive symptoms, are still poorly understood. Finding new methods to uncover the physiological basis of the mental inabilities related to schizophrenia is an urgent task for modern neuroscience because of the lack of specific therapies for cognitive deficits in the disease. Researchers have begun investigating functional crosstalk between NMDARs and GABAergic neurons associated with schizophrenia at different resolutions. In another direction, the gut microbiota is getting increasing interest from neuroscientists. Recent findings have highlighted the role of a gut-brain axis, with the gut microbiota playing a crucial role in several psychopathologies, including schizophrenia and autism.There have also been investigations into potential therapies aimed at normalizing altered microbiota signaling to the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Probiotics diets and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are currently the most common therapies. Interestingly, in rodent models of binge feeding, optogenetic applications have been shown to affect gut colony sensitivity, thus increasing colonic transit. Here, we review recent findings on the gut microbiota-schizophrenia relationship using in vivo optogenetics. Moreover, we evaluate if manipulating actors in either the brain or the gut might improve potential treatment research. Such research and techniques will increase our knowledge of how the gut microbiota can manipulate GABA production, and therefore accompany changes in CNS GABAergic activity.

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精神分裂症,肠道微生物群,以及肠-脑轴光遗传学操作的新机会。
精神分裂症研究兴起于20世纪,目前发展迅速,集中在许多平行的研究途径和评估疾病病因学的各种概念。今天,我们对精神分裂症患者阳性和阴性症状的产生有了相对较好的了解。然而,精神分裂症的神经基础和病理生理学,特别是认知症状,仍然知之甚少。由于缺乏针对精神分裂症认知缺陷的特异性治疗方法,寻找新的方法来揭示精神分裂症相关精神残疾的生理基础是现代神经科学的一项紧迫任务。研究人员已经开始以不同的分辨率研究NMDARs和与精神分裂症相关的gaba能神经元之间的功能性串扰。另一方面,肠道微生物群正引起神经科学家越来越大的兴趣。最近的研究结果强调了肠脑轴的作用,肠道微生物群在包括精神分裂症和自闭症在内的几种精神病理学中起着至关重要的作用。也有研究旨在使肠道神经系统(ENS)和中枢神经系统(CNS)改变的微生物群信号正常化的潜在治疗方法。益生菌饮食和粪便微生物群移植是目前最常见的治疗方法。有趣的是,在暴饮暴食的啮齿动物模型中,光遗传学应用已被证明会影响肠道菌落敏感性,从而增加结肠运输。在这里,我们回顾了体内光遗传学在肠道微生物与精神分裂症关系方面的最新发现。此外,我们评估操纵大脑或肠道中的参与者是否可能改善潜在的治疗研究。这样的研究和技术将增加我们对肠道微生物群如何操纵GABA产生的认识,从而伴随中枢神经系统GABA能活性的变化。
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来源期刊
Behavioral and Brain Functions
Behavioral and Brain Functions 医学-行为科学
CiteScore
5.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
11
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: A well-established journal in the field of behavioral and cognitive neuroscience, Behavioral and Brain Functions welcomes manuscripts which provide insight into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying behavior and brain function, or dysfunction. The journal gives priority to manuscripts that combine both neurobiology and behavior in a non-clinical manner.
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