A saponin-polybromophenol antibiotic (CU1) from Cassia fistula Bark Against Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria Targeting RNA polymerase

Abstract

Background

Gradual increase of multidrug resistant infections is a threat to the human race as MDR plasmids have acquired.>10 mdr and drug efflux genes to inactivate antibiotics. Plants secret anti-metabolites to retard growth of soil and water bacteria and are ideal source of antibiotics.

Purpose

Purpose of the study is to discover an alternate phyto-drug from medicinal plants of India that selectively kills MDR bacteria.

Methods

MDR bacteria isolated from Ganga river water, milk, chicken meat and human hair for testing phyto-extracts. Eighty medicinal plants were searched and six phyto-extracts were selected having good antibacterial activities as demonstrated by agar-hole assays giving 15 ​mm or greater lysis zone. Phyto-extracts were made in ethanol or methanol (1:5 w/v) for overnight and were concentrated. Preparative TLC and HPLC were performed to purify phytochemical. MASS, NMR, FTIR methods were used for chemical analysis of CU1. In vitro RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase assays were performed for target identification.

Results

CU1 belongs to a saponin bromo-polyphenol compound with a large structure that purified on HPLC C₁₈ column at 3min. CU1 is bacteriocidal but three times less active than rifampicin in Agar-hole assay. While in LB medium it shows greater than fifteen times poor inhibitor due to solubility problem. CU1 inhibited transcription from Escherichia coli as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA Polymerases. Gel shift assays demonstrated that CU1 interferes at the open promoter complex formation step. On the other hand CU1 did not inhibit DNA polymerase.

Conclusion

Phyto-chemicals from Cassia fistula bark are abundant, less toxic, target specific and may be a safer low cost drug against MDR bacterial diseases.