Place of distancing measures in containing epidemics: a scoping review.

Abstract

Distancing is one of the barrier measures in mitigating epidemics. We aimed to investigate the typology, effectiveness, and side effects of distancing rules during epidemics. Electronic searches were conducted on MEDLINE, PubMed in April 2020, using Mesh-Terms representing various forms of distancing ('social isolation', 'social distancing', 'quarantine') combining with 'epidemics'. PRISMA-ScR statement was consulted to report this review. A total of 314 titles were identified and 93 were finally included. 2009 influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 epidemics were the most studied. Distancing measures were mostly classified as case-based and community-based interventions. The combination of distancing rules, like school closure, home working, isolation and quarantine, has proven to be effective in reducing R₀ and flattening the epidemic curve, also when initiated early at a high rate and combined with other non-pharmaceutical interventions. Epidemiological and modeling studies showed that Isolation and quarantine in the 2009 Influenza pandemic were effective measures to decrease attack rate also with high level of compliance but there was an increased risk of household transmission. lockdown was also effective to reduce R₀ from 2.6 to 0.6 and to increase doubling time from 2 to 4 days in the covid-19 pandemic. The evidence for school closure and workplace distancing was moderate as single intervention. Psychological disorder, unhealthy behaviors, disruption of economic activities, social discrimination, and stigmatization were the main side effects of distancing measures. Earlier implementation of combined distancing measures leads to greater effectiveness in containing outbreaks. Their indication must be relevant and based on evidence to avoid adverse effects on the community. These results would help decision-makers to develop response plans based on the required experience and strengthen the capacity of countries to fight against future epidemics. Mesh words: Physical Distancing, Quarantine, Epidemics, Public Health, Scoping Review.