The emerging mechanism behind viral infections and extracellular vesicles hypotheses leading to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathology

Ibrain Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI:10.1002/ibra.12090
Mai M. Anwar
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Despite decades of repeated and intense research, the etiology of sudden Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms is still unclear. AD progressive pathology mainly involves neuron damage, depositions of amyloid-beta (Aβ), and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. All these defects are manifested by exaggerated cytokine storm and neuroinflammation leading to irreversible brain damage in the long term. Despite the numerous risks and drawbacks associated with AD, it is believed that there is a hidden unknown causative and predisposing factors for AD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by cells as a type of intercellular communication. Several pieces of evidence support the inclusion of viral components within EVs facilitating their penetration into the blood–brain barrier leading to neuroinflammation. In light of the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic and its related neurological complications, it is mandatory to highlight the possibility and viability of viral infections such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) on the onset of AD. Herein, the author is investigating the potential role of VZV and HSV along with highlighting the suggested route of pathogenesis entry resulting in AD manifestations. Additionally, this review aims to summarize the role of EVs in mediating the central nervous system viral infections leading to AD.

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病毒感染和细胞外小泡假说背后的新兴机制导致神经炎症和阿尔茨海默病病理。
尽管经过几十年的反复和深入研究,突发阿尔茨海默病(AD)症状的病因仍然不清楚。AD进行性病理主要涉及神经元损伤、淀粉样蛋白β(Aβ)和过度磷酸化tau蛋白的沉积。所有这些缺陷都表现为过度的细胞因子风暴和神经炎症,导致长期不可逆的脑损伤。尽管AD有许多风险和缺点,但人们认为AD有一个隐藏的未知病因和诱发因素。细胞外小泡(EVs)是细胞释放的一种细胞间通讯的小泡。有几项证据支持EVs中包含病毒成分,有助于其渗透到血脑屏障,从而导致神经炎症。鉴于严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒-19大流行及其相关的神经系统并发症,必须强调病毒感染的可能性和可行性,如水痘-带状疱疹病毒(VZV)和单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)在AD发病时,作者正在研究VZV和HSV的潜在作用,并强调了导致AD表现的发病机制进入途径。此外,本综述旨在总结EVs在介导导致AD的中枢神经系统病毒感染中的作用。
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