Effect of Verapamil, a P-glycoprotein-1 and Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitor, on Pharmacokinetics and Metabolic Stability of Ripretinib: A Drug-Drug Interaction Study in Rats.

Abstract

Background and objectives: Ripretinib was developed to target a whole range of KIT proto-oncogene mutations and platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFR-A) kinases found in certain cancers and myeloproliferative neoplasms, particularly gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). This study investigated the effect of verapamil, a potential inhibitor of P-glycoprotein-1 (P-gp1) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), on the pharmacokinetics of ripretinib in rats when administered orally together. This study also assessed the metabolic stability and in vitro cellular absorption of ripretinib in the presence of verapamil.

Methods: A novel sensitive time-saving liquid chromatography tandem mass spectometry (LC-MS/MS) technique for determining ripretinib in rat plasma was developed and validated. A Zorbax SB C18 column was used for the separation and analysis of ripretinib with a mobile phase consisting of 50:50 (%v/v) acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium formate buffer at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Imatinib was used as an internal standard (IS) in the method. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ripretinib were evaluated in Wistar rats by successfully administering an oral dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight of ripretinib in the presence of verapamil (10 mg/kg body weight). Subsequently, rat liver microsomes were used to assess the effect of verapamil on ripretinib metabolic stability, and absorption was tested using a Caco-2 cell transwell model.

Results: Ripretinib and IS were identified using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes by mass spectrometry and showed ion transitions of 510.09→94.06 m/z and 494.26→ 394.16 m/z, respectively. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method successfully eluted ripretinib and IS at retention times of 0.91 and 0.68 min, respectively, and the method was validated for all parameters and met the criteria for acceptance. Co-administration of verapamil increased the maximum concentration (C_max) of ripretinib from 437 ± 84 ng/mL to 492 ± 50 ng/mL (12%), and the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to the last sampling time t (AUC_0-t) increased by approximately 40.6%. Verapamil significantly reduced the basolateral-to-apical transfer of ripretinib through Caco-2 cells. Findings also showed that verapamil increased the metabolic stability of ripretinib.

Conclusion: The study results indicate that the co-administration of ripretinib with CYP3A4 and/or P-gp1 inhibitors is associated with significant drug-drug interactions that affect the pharmacokinetics of ripretinib. Further research in human subjects is suggested to confirm dosage adjustment and therapeutic drug monitoring of ripretinib when administered along with P-gp1/CYP3A4 inhibitors ensuring patient safety and optimizing the therapeutic benefits of ripretinib.