Newborn cytomegalovirus screening: is this the new standard?

Abstract

Purpose of review: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) is a major cause of childhood hearing loss and neurodevelopmental delay. Early identification of cCMV allows for interventions that improve outcomes, particularly for cCMV-related hearing loss that develops in early childhood. Most cCMV is asymptomatic at birth and is rarely diagnosed without newborn screening. Therefore, various approaches to cCMV screening are increasingly being adopted.

Recent findings: Both universal screening (testing all newborns) and targeted screening (testing triggered by failed hearing screening) for cCMV appear valuable, feasible and cost-effective, though universal screening is predicted to have greatest potential overall benefits. CMV PCR testing of newborn oral swabs is sensitive and practical and is therefore widely used in targeted screening programs. In contrast, PCR using dried-blood spots (DBS) is less sensitive but was adopted by current universal cCMV screening initiatives because DBS are already collected from all newborns in high-income countries, which circumvents large-scale oral swab collection.

Summary: Targeted screening is widely recommended as standard of care, while universal screening is less common but is progressively considered as the optimal strategy for identification of children with cCMV. As with all screening programs, cCMV screening requires commitments to equitable and reliable testing, follow-up and services.