Theranostic extracellular vesicles: a concise review of current imaging technologies and labeling strategies.

Safiya Aafreen, Jonathan Feng, Wenshen Wang, Guanshu Liu
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Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), or exosomes, are naturally occurring nano- and micro-sized membrane vesicles playing an essential role in cell-to-cell communication. There is a recent increasing interest in harnessing the therapeutic potential of these natural nanoparticles to develop cell-free regenerative medicine and manufacture highly biocompatible and targeted drug and gene delivery vectors, amongst other applications. In the context of developing novel and effective EV-based therapy, imaging tools are of paramount importance as they can be used to not only elucidate the underlying mechanisms but also provide the basis for optimization and clinical translation. In this review, recent efforts and knowledge advances on EV-based therapies have been briefly introduced, followed by an outline of currently available labeling strategies by which EVs can be conjugated with various imaging agents and/or therapeutic drugs and genes. A comprehensive review of prevailing EV imaging technologies is then presented along with examples and applications, with emphasis on imaging probes and agents, corresponding labeling methods, and the pros and cons of each imaging modality. Finally, the potential of theranostic EVs as a powerful new weapon in the arsenal of regenerative medicine and nanomedicine is summarized and envisioned.

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Theranos细胞外小泡:当前成像技术和标记策略的简要综述。
细胞外囊泡(EVs)或外泌体是天然存在的纳米和微米大小的膜囊泡,在细胞间通信中发挥着重要作用。最近,人们对利用这些天然纳米颗粒的治疗潜力开发无细胞再生医学、制造高度生物相容性和靶向药物和基因递送载体等应用越来越感兴趣。在开发新的、有效的基于EV的治疗方法的背景下,成像工具至关重要,因为它们不仅可以用来阐明潜在的机制,还可以为优化和临床转化提供基础。在这篇综述中,简要介绍了基于EV的治疗的最新努力和知识进展,然后概述了目前可用的标记策略,通过这些策略,EV可以与各种成像剂和/或治疗药物和基因偶联。然后,对流行的电动汽车成像技术进行了全面的综述,并举例说明了其应用,重点介绍了成像探针和试剂、相应的标记方法以及每种成像方式的优缺点。最后,总结并展望了治疗性电动汽车作为再生医学和纳米医学武器库中一种强大的新武器的潜力。
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