A model study of ceria–Pt electrocatalysts: stability, redox properties and hydrogen intercalation†

Abstract

The electrocatalytic properties of advanced metal-oxide catalysts are often related to a synergistic interplay between multiple active catalyst phases. The structure and chemical nature of these active phases are typically established under reaction conditions, i.e. upon interaction of the catalyst with the electrolyte. Here, we present a fundamental surface science (scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction) and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) study of CeO₂(111) nanoislands on Pt(111) in blank alkaline electrolyte (0.1 M KOH) in a potential window between −0.05 and 0.9 V_RHE. We observe a size- and preparation-dependent behavior. Large ceria nanoislands prepared at high temperatures exhibit stable redox behavior with Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ electrooxidation/reduction limited to the surface only. In contrast, ceria nanoislands, smaller than ∼5 nm prepared at a lower temperature, undergo conversion into a fully hydrated phase with Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ redox transitions, which are extended to the subsurface region. While the formation of adsorbed OH species on Pt depends strongly on the ceria coverage, the formation of adsorbed H_ads on Pt is independent of the ceria coverage. We assign this observation to intercalation of H_ads at the Pt/ceria interface. The intercalated H_ads cannot participate in the hydrogen evolution reaction, resulting in the moderation of this reaction by ceria nanoparticles on Pt.