Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with gynaecological malignancy: a review of the evidence

Abstract

Paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS) is a clinical manifestation of both benign and malignant tumours. Symptoms are not attributable to direct organ involvement of the cancer nor as a therapeutic adverse effect; instead, they are a result of hormones, cytokines or growth factors released by the tumour, or an immunological response. Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect any body system, so can cause myriad potential symptoms. These clinical manifestations often pre‐date those of the underlying disease process. The incidence of PNS attributable to gynaecological tumours is increasing, resulting in considerable morbidity in those affected. There is an overall lack of awareness of PNS among clinicians; this, combined with wide‐ranging signs and symptoms, creates an opportunity for diagnostic difficulty and therapeutic delay.