The monocyte activation test detects potentiated cytokine release resulting from the synergistic effect of endotoxin and non-endotoxin pyrogens

Abstract

Pyrogens are classified in two groups, endotoxin pyrogens and non-endotoxin pyrogens (NEPs). The presence of either in parenteral pharmaceuticals or medical devices can cause severe harm to subjects, and when occurring in combination, synergistic potentiation effects can occur. As the standard in vitro pyrogen test, the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay can detect LPS only, an endotoxin, but not NEPs. We tested whether the Monocyte Activation Test (MAT) that measures IL-6 induction, is suited for detecting synergistic pyrogen effects. Here we show that MAT reliably detects the NEPs heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus, R848 and lipoteichoic acid, in addition to LPS. When combinations of these pyrogens were tested, a potentiation of IL-6 production was seen beyond an additive effect, apparently reflecting on in-vivo synergisms. The current study therefore demonstrates that MAT not only is a reliable and reproducible assay for the sensitive detection of both endotoxin and non-endotoxin pyrogens, but also for identifying synergistic effects when parenteral drugs are contaminated with multiple pyrogens.