Growing focus on the Western Indian Ocean: evolving equations

Abstract

to regional scales, climate change worsens the impacts on marine life of non-climate anthropogenic drivers, such as habitat degradation, marine pollution, over fi shing and overharvesting, nutrient enrichment, and introduction of non-indigenous species (very high con fi dence); Climate-driven impacts on ocean and coastal environments have caused measurable changes in speci fi c industries, economic losses, emotional harm, and altered cultural and recreational activities around the world (high con fi dence) (IPCC, 2022b, pp. 3 – 4).