Human Persecution is An Important Threat to the Conservation of the Endangered Black-and-Chestnut Eagle in Northern Andes

IF 1.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Tropical Conservation Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI:10.1177/19400829231152353
Juan Sebastián Restrepo-Cardona, Fabricio Narváez, S. Kohn, F. H. Vargas, Santiago Zuluaga
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Abstract

The Black-and-chestnut Eagle ( Spizaetus isidori) has a total population of fewer than 1000 adult individuals, and is categorized as Endangered at the global level. The northern Andes (Ecuador and Colombia) represent one of the last population strongholds of the species. In this study, we analyzed human persecution of the Black-and-chestnut Eagle as retaliation or as a preventive measure against poultry predation, as well as other threats that have affected the species in this geographical region between 2000 and 2022. In order to understand the human persecution and other threats faced by the Black-and-chestnut Eagle in the northern Andes, we compiled records of immature and adult individuals of the species that had been shot, captured, or had presented evidence of any other affectations during the last 23 years. We found a total of 96 Black-and-chestnut Eagles affected by different threats. Human persecution of the species to prevent poultry predation was the motive in 81% (46 of 57) of the cases of shot eagles, 67% (10 of 15) of those captured illegally, 30% (3 of 10) of those in which the cause of affectation was undetermined and for one individual that had been stabbed. Immature eagles were more affected than adult eagles by human persecution. Black-and-chestnut Eagles were also affected by electrocution, illegal trafficking and collision with vehicle. Human persecution as retaliation or as a preventive measure against poultry predation is an important threat to the conservation of the Black-and-chestnut Eagle in northern Andes. Strict application of laws at human persecution sites, identification and monitoring of areas with high risk of human-eagle conflict, development of environmental educational programs, strengthening of the technical capacities of rural communities, maintaining or even increasing forest cover, and reducing the exposure of poultry by using enclosures are key for Black-and-chestnut Eagle conservation in the northern Andes.
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人类迫害是北安第斯山脉濒危物种黑栗鹰保护的重要威胁
黑栗鹰(Spizaetus isidori)的成年个体总数不到1000只,在全球范围内被列为濒危物种。安第斯山脉北部(厄瓜多尔和哥伦比亚)是该物种最后的种群据点之一。在这项研究中,我们分析了2000年至2022年间,人类对黑栗鹰的迫害是对家禽捕食的报复或预防措施,以及影响该地理区域物种的其他威胁。为了了解安第斯山脉北部黑栗鹰面临的人类迫害和其他威胁,我们汇编了该物种在过去23年中被枪杀、捕获或提供任何其他矫情证据的未成熟和成年个体的记录。我们发现共有96只黑鹰和栗色鹰受到不同威胁的影响。81%(46起,共57起)的射雕案件、67%(10起,共15起)的非法捕获案件、30%(3起,共10起)的伪装原因尚未确定的案件以及一名被刺伤的人的动机是人为迫害该物种以防止家禽捕食。未成熟的鹰比成年的鹰更容易受到人类迫害。黑鹰和栗色鹰也受到了触电、非法贩运和与车辆相撞的影响。作为报复或预防家禽捕食的人类迫害是对安第斯山脉北部黑栗鹰保护的重要威胁。在人类迫害场所严格执行法律,识别和监测人鹰冲突高风险地区,制定环境教育计划,加强农村社区的技术能力,维持甚至增加森林覆盖率,以及通过使用围栏来减少家禽的暴露是安第斯山脉北部黑鹰和栗鹰保护的关键。
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来源期刊
Tropical Conservation Science
Tropical Conservation Science BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION-
CiteScore
3.60
自引率
5.90%
发文量
16
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Tropical Conservation Science is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research papers and state-of-the-art reviews of broad interest to the field of conservation of tropical forests and of other tropical ecosystems.
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