Burrowing crabs' influence on tidal marsh vegetation species composition and abundance in a temperate back-barrier marsh, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA

Abstract

Emergent vegetation in coastal marshes across the Northeastern United States have been declining and changing in relative species composition due to abiotic factors such as accelerated sea level rise, storm intensity, excess nutrients, and other anthropogenic disturbances. A possible biotic factor in marsh decline is increased perturbation from burrowing crabs. Uca pugilator and Minuca pugnax (fiddler crabs) whose populations are increasing in many marshes in the eastern US, likely due to disruptions in food webs and expanding habitat from sea level rise. High densities of crab burrows contribute to creek bank erosion and possibly in other factors of marsh peat degradation. When burrowing crabs were excluded from large scale (9 m²) plots in a Cape Cod, MA, marsh for five months, vegetation species richness increased significantly, as did abundance of woody shrubs and the forb, Suaeda maritima (L.). Conversely, burrowing crab exclusion resulted in less Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) and less bare ground - indicating that the other types of vegetation were able to occupy more space in the absence of crab burrowing and sediment sorting activity. The experimental enclosure results were compared with vegetation and burrow density monitoring data taken from nearby long-term monitoring plots. Of the sixteen analyses, we found only one similar result between the 5 month exclusions and monitoring plots; high burrow densities were associated with higher density of S. alterniflora. In contrast to the exclusions, high burrow densities were positively correlated with abundance of Iva frutescens and Suaeda maritima. Six other species (or groupings of rare plants) were negatively associated with burrow densities, four of these are sensitive to inundation and are considered characteristic of the high marsh zone. Different interpretations of the effects of burrowing crabs will result depending on whether correlations are observed from monitoring plots or longer term, large-scale exclusions are conducted; both are needed to assess the rapid vegetation and faunal shifts that are occurring in temperate salt marshes. We suggest that Uca pugilator and Minuca sp. will benefit from sea level rise induced habitat expansion at the expense of the abundance and species richness of flooding-sensitive plants. The erosion and vegetation disturbance that high burrowing crab densities lead to will further exacerbate the decline of these species that are receding at the seaward edge of their distributions.