{"title":"汉语语态系统的线性模型及全景式语法教学模式构想","authors":"柳 燕梅","doi":"10.1515/caslar-2020-0005","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"提要 本文根据汉语学习者对把字句和被动句的习得现象,检视语态句式在对外汉语教学中的问题,以本体研究成果为基础对语态句式进行梳理和总结。首先,通过与以主动宾为顺序的普通句对比,得出了把字句的语法意义、句法条件和语用规则。语义上,把字句是有标记的强式主动句,完整叙述了施事对受事从起点经动作到结点强式改变的动态过程,是对整个动态过程的语言模拟。句法上,把字句的动词要有改变转换功能的词汇意义,受事改变前后的起点和结点必须同现于动词前后,动词和补语部分必须满足受事改变后的完结状态。语用上,说话人可以根据语态意义的表达程度、语体风格、语用功能以及表达焦点来选择把字句或普通句。其次,本文提出汉语的语态范畴系统是一个在语法意义、句法形式和语用选择上都对称的线性模型:强式主动←一般主动↔一般被动→强式被动,并用图表对模型解释说明。这个模型认为,汉语的主动和被动语态各有两种句式表达了不同程度的语态意义,强式或一般;语态意义的强弱由相应的句法标记来表达。四种句式在句法结构和语态意义上具有对应相关性,在语用选择上具有互补关联性。最后,本文提出在对外汉语教学中采用“全景式”的教学模式,即教授一个语法点时,通过简要介绍完整的范畴系统来提供个体语法点的背景信息,帮助学习者更清楚地认识和理解这个语法点。并建议教学语法应以微观的本体研究成果为基础,多开展宏观研究,整理和归纳各语法范畴的系统。","PeriodicalId":37654,"journal":{"name":"Chinese as a Second Language Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"119 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2020-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/caslar-2020-0005","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Chinese as a Second Language Research","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2020-0005","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This article examines the problems of voice sentence structures in teaching Chinese as a foreign language based on the acquisition of Chinese learners of ba and passive sentences. Based on the results of ontological research, it sorts out and summarizes voice sentence structures. Firstly, by comparing it with ordinary sentences in the order of the active object, the grammatical meaning, syntactic conditions, and pragmatic rules of the ba sentence are obtained. Semantically, ba sentences are marked strong active sentences, which fully describe the dynamic process of the agent changing the patient's strong form from the starting point through the action to the node, and are language simulations of the entire dynamic process. Syntactically, the verb of the sentence must have a lexical meaning that changes and transforms. The starting point and node before and after the change of the patient must coexist before and after the verb, and the verb and complement parts must meet the completion state after the change of the patient. Pragmatically, the speaker can choose a ba sentence or a regular sentence based on the degree of expression of voice meaning, language style, pragmatic function, and focus of expression. Secondly, this article proposes that the voice category system of Chinese is a linear model that is symmetric in terms of grammatical meaning, syntactic form, and pragmatic choice: strong active ← general active ↔ General passive → strong passive, and explain the model with charts. This model suggests that the active and passive voices in Chinese each have two sentence structures that express varying degrees of voice meaning, strong or general; The strength of voice meaning is expressed by corresponding syntactic markers. The four sentence structures have corresponding correlations in syntactic structure and voice meaning, and complementary correlations in pragmatic selection. Finally, this article proposes to adopt a "panoramic" teaching model in teaching Chinese as a foreign language, which means that when teaching a grammar point, a brief introduction to the complete category system is provided to provide background information of individual grammar points, helping learners to have a clearer understanding and understanding of this grammar point. And it is suggested that teaching grammar should be based on micro ontological research results, and more macro research should be conducted to organize and summarize the systems of various grammar categories.
期刊介绍:
Chinese as a Second Language Research (CASLAR) focuses on research on the acquisition, development, and use of Chinese as a Second Language. It supports scholars and researchers from different linguistic fields, and serves as a forum to discuss, investigate, and better understand Chinese as a Second Language. Each issue (2 per year) of the journal publishes three papers in Chinese and three papers in English; summaries are always provided both in Chinese and English. We are especially interested in publishing articles and research papers that investigate how empirical findings of CSL research can advance and develop better Chinese language teaching methodologies, explore the implications of CSL research for theoretical developments and practical applications, focus on the acquisition and use of varieties of CSL, study the nature of interaction between native speakers and non-native speakers of Chinese, address major issues of second language acquisition from the perspective of CSL, analyze the ways in which language is both shaped by culture and is the medium through which culture is created.