Impact of partial encapsulation on the fire dynamics of an open-plan compartment with exposed timber ceiling and columns: CodeRed #04

IF 2 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-01-21 DOI:10.1002/fam.3112
Panagiotis Kotsovinos, Eirik G. Christensen, Adam Glew, Eoin O'Loughlin, Harry Mitchell, Rikesh Amin, Fabienne Robert, Mohammad Heidari, David Barber, Guillermo Rein, Judith Schulz
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

The use of mass timber in construction is becoming a compelling option when faced with the high carbon footprint of traditional concrete and steel production. However, fire safety standards are yet to evolve to support these designs. Encapsulation is commonly used to protect all, or some, of the timber surfaces and reduce the risks introduced. This paper presents the results from CodeRed #04, the final experiment of the CodeRed experimental campaign. This experiment was carried out inside a purpose-built facility to capture fire dynamics in large compartments with exposed timber. CodeRed #04 had identical characteristics to CodeRed #01 with the exception that ~50% of the cross-laminated timber (CLT) ceiling was encapsulated. The experiments were intentionally similar to the traveling fire experiments, x-ONE and x-TWO, which had a non-combustible ceiling to enable a direct comparison. The overall fire dynamics experienced in CodeRed #04, intersect the characteristics observed in CodeRed #01 and x-ONE and x-TWO.1. In CodeRed #04, there was a delay in the ignition of the CLT ceiling as the CLT directly above the crib was encapsulated. Once the CLT ceiling ignited, the fire spread rapidly throughout the compartment. The peak heat release rate (HRR) was estimated to be approximately 100 MW, a 17% decrease from CodeRed #01. Following CLT ignition the resulting fire duration, maximum temperatures, and heat fluxes were broadly similar to CodeRed #01. Flame heights of approximately 1.5 m were observed from the windows while flame heights of 2.5–3 m were observed in CodeRed #01. Therefore, flame heights were found to be comparable to x-TWO.1, though over a greater number of windows, reflecting the greater extent of simultaneous burning within the compartment. The average charring depth of the exposed CLT panels was ~25 mm, which is similar to that measured in CodeRed #01-suggesting that the fire severity near the ceiling was not strongly impacted by the 50% encapsulation of timber. No charring was observed where the ceiling was encapsulated and loaded service fixings installed through the encapsulation were found to be less likely to fail than when attached directly to the exposed timber. Smoldering was observed after the cessation of flaming and, in a few locations, was observed to progress through the thickness of the CLT panel and continue behind the encapsulation. This illustrates that, while encapsulation can succcessfully prevent flaming, it cannot be completely relied on to avoid smouldering. The findings from CodeRed #04 contribute to the development of evidence-based fire safety design methodologies for exposed mass timber buildings.

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部分封装对带有暴露木天花板和柱的开放式隔间的火灾动力学的影响:编码#04
面对传统混凝土和钢铁生产的高碳足迹,在建筑中使用大量木材正成为一种引人注目的选择。然而,消防安全标准尚待发展以支持这些设计。封装通常用于保护所有或部分木材表面,并降低引入的风险。本文介绍了CodeRed实验活动的最后一个实验CodeRed#04的结果。这项实验是在一个专门建造的设施内进行的,目的是捕捉裸露木材的大隔间中的火灾动态。CodeRed#04具有与CodeRed#01相同的特性,不同之处在于约50%的交叉层压木材(CLT)天花板被封装。这些实验有意类似于旅行火实验,x‐ONE和x‐TWO,它们有一个不可燃的天花板,以便进行直接比较。CodeRed#04中经历的整体火灾动力学与CodeRed#01和x‐ONE和x‐TWO中观察到的特征相交。1。在CodeRed#04中,由于婴儿床正上方的CLT被封装,因此CLT天花板的点火延迟。一旦CLT天花板被点燃,大火迅速蔓延到整个隔间。峰值放热率(HRR)估计约为100 MW,比CodeRed#01减少了17%。CLT点火后,产生的火灾持续时间、最高温度和热通量与CodeRed#01大致相似。从窗户观察到的火焰高度约为1.5米,而CodeRed#01中的火焰高度为2.5–3米。因此,发现火焰高度与x‐TWO.1相当,尽管在更多的窗户上,反映出隔间内同时燃烧的程度更大。暴露的CLT面板的平均烧焦深度为~25 mm,这与CodeRed#01中测量的值相似,表明天花板附近的火灾严重程度没有受到50%木材封装的强烈影响。在天花板被封装的地方没有观察到烧焦,并且通过封装安装的负载服务固定件比直接连接到暴露的木材时更不可能失效。在燃烧停止后观察到冒烟,并且在一些位置,观察到冒烟穿过CLT面板的厚度并在封装之后继续。这说明,虽然封装可以成功地防止燃烧,但不能完全依靠它来避免闷烧。CodeRed#04的研究结果有助于开发基于证据的裸露大块木材建筑消防安全设计方法。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Fire and Materials
Fire and Materials 工程技术-材料科学:综合
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
5.30%
发文量
72
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Fire and Materials is an international journal for scientific and technological communications directed at the fire properties of materials and the products into which they are made. This covers all aspects of the polymer field and the end uses where polymers find application; the important developments in the fields of natural products - wood and cellulosics; non-polymeric materials - metals and ceramics; as well as the chemistry and industrial applications of fire retardant chemicals. Contributions will be particularly welcomed on heat release; properties of combustion products - smoke opacity, toxicity and corrosivity; modelling and testing.
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Issue Information Issue Information Analyzing thermal-moisture comfort and thermal protective performance of phase change materials dripped protective clothing Effect of silane coupling agent on mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and ceramifiable behavior of ceramifiable flame-retardant silicone rubber composite Enhancing fire safety and thermal performance: Wood composites with bio-based phase change materials and fire retardants for building applications
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