Are social chameleons prone to entrepreneurship?

S. Ettis
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Abstract

Purpose People differ in the extent to which they dispositionally monitor their projected images, expressive behavior and self-presentation according to the contingencies of the situations. Building on Snyder’s self-monitoring theory, this paper aims to assess the influences of self-monitoring on entrepreneurial intention and explain the process responsible for these effects. Because high self-monitors and low self-monitors differ in their ability to adapt their self-presentation and patterns of behaviors to the contingencies of the situation, it was reasonable to suspect that chameleon-like high self-monitors will be more prone to entrepreneurship than true-to-themselves low self-monitors. Design/methodology/approach Based on a sample of 296 respondents, a self-administered questionnaire assessing the attitude toward entrepreneurship, risk aversion, entrepreneurial intentions and the four dimensions of self-monitoring (acting ability, extraversion, other-directedness and speaking ability), and other control variables was conducted. Findings The findings of this study generally support that self-monitoring has relevance in predicting an individual’s entrepreneurial intentions. Because high self-monitors have more acting and speaking abilities, are more extroverted and are more concerned with how others perceive them than are low self-monitors, they would be more likely to start a business and become business owners as they possess favorable attitudes toward entrepreneurship. The overall result regarding risk aversion fails to support a mediating relationship between self-monitoring and entrepreneurial intentions. However, at the same time, the findings confirm that risk aversion directly reduces entrepreneurial intention. Research limitations/implications The findings expand the implementation of Snyder’s self-monitoring theory in the entrepreneurship arena and make an important contribution to the many additions and alterations that have been implemented to the theory of planned behavior in the entrepreneurship literature to better explain entrepreneurial intentions and behaviors. The results add to these works by demonstrating that self-monitoring is a trait that influences the attitude toward entrepreneurship. Also, attitude toward entrepreneurship was found to be a mediator of the relationship between self-monitoring and entrepreneurial intentions. The limitation concerns the use of a convenience sample of students and cross-sectional data. Practical implications The outcomes of this study suggest greater utility for developers of educational curriculums, training programs and start-up knowledge in entrepreneurship. Targeting high self-monitors for training and educational programs in entrepreneurship and including the dimensions of self-monitoring, particularly acting abilities, speaking abilities, extraversion and other-directedness, in entrepreneurship training content will make these programs more successful, offered to the correct target and able to provide personalized content. Building on these results, governments, policymakers, nonprofit organizations and universities who are concerned about the encouragement of entrepreneurial spirit might take advantage of self-monitoring in their awareness advertising campaigns. Originality/value Past research in psychology, management and marketing has provided empirical support for the major propositions of Snyder’s self-monitoring theory. Largely unaddressed, however, is the question of whether self-monitoring might be a driver to take steps to start a business. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is among the first studies – if not the first – to provide evidence that self-monitoring leads to more favorable attitudes and intentions in the entrepreneurship domain. The positive effects found here increase the importance of self-monitoring as an individual-difference construct that broadens the knowledge of why some people are more predisposed to entrepreneurship.
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社会变色龙容易创业吗?
目的人们根据情况的偶然性,在多大程度上随意监控自己的投影图像、表达行为和自我展示。基于Snyder的自我监控理论,本文旨在评估自我监控对创业意图的影响,并解释造成这些影响的过程。由于高自我监控和低自我监控在调整自我表现和行为模式以适应突发情况的能力方面存在差异,因此有理由怀疑,变色龙式的高自我监控比真正的低自我监控更容易创业。设计/方法/方法基于296名受访者的样本,采用自填量表对创业态度、风险规避、创业意向和自我监控的四个维度(行动能力、外向性、其他直接性和口语能力)以及其他控制变量进行了评估。研究结果这项研究的结果普遍支持自我监控在预测个人创业意图方面具有相关性。因为高自我监控者比低自我监控者有更多的行动和说话能力,更外向,更关心他人对他们的看法,所以他们更有可能创业并成为企业主,因为他们对创业有着良好的态度。关于风险厌恶的总体结果未能支持自我监控和创业意图之间的中介关系。然而,同时,研究结果证实,风险厌恶直接降低了创业意愿。研究局限性/含义这些发现扩展了Snyder自我监控理论在创业领域的实施,并对创业文献中对计划行为理论的许多补充和修改做出了重要贡献,以更好地解释创业意图和行为。研究结果进一步证明了自我监控是一种影响创业态度的特征。此外,对创业的态度被发现是自我监控和创业意图之间关系的中介。限制涉及使用方便的学生样本和横断面数据。实践意义这项研究的结果表明,教育课程、培训计划和创业知识的开发人员在创业中有更大的效用。针对创业培训和教育项目的高度自我监控,并在创业培训内容中包括自我监控的维度,特别是行动能力、口语能力、外向性和其他直接性,将使这些项目更加成功,提供给正确的目标,并能够提供个性化的内容。在这些结果的基础上,政府、政策制定者、非营利组织和大学如果关心鼓励创业精神,可能会在宣传广告活动中利用自我监督。原创性/价值过去在心理学、管理学和市场营销学方面的研究为斯奈德的自我监控理论的主要命题提供了实证支持。然而,很大程度上没有解决的问题是,自我监控是否会成为创业的驱动因素。据作者所知,这项研究是第一批——如果不是第一批——提供证据表明自我监督会在创业领域产生更有利的态度和意图的研究之一。这里发现的积极影响增加了自我监控作为一种个体差异结构的重要性,它拓宽了人们对为什么有些人更倾向于创业的了解。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.00
自引率
36.80%
发文量
23
期刊介绍: The Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship (JRME) publishes research that contributes to our developing knowledge of entrepreneurial and small business marketing. Even though research into the relationship between marketing and entrepreneurship is still relatively young, the subject has thus far proved exciting and thought provoking, and critical thinking has progressed rapidly.The journal stands at the interface of research in marketing and entrepreneurship. Coverage may include, but is not limited to: -The size and structure of the entrepreneurial enterprise. -SMEs and micro businesses approach marketing -Intrapreneurship -The role of entrepreneurship in marketing -The role of marketing in entrepreneurship -How do successful entrepreneurs market their product and services? -Competencies necessary for the successful entrepreneur -The role of entrepreneurship (and, as appropriate, intrapreneurship) in the development of organizations -Life cycles of organizations: the stages in the growth of firms and the analysis of critical episodes -The influence of external help, support, and personal contact networks -Opportunity recognition -Relationships between SMEs and larger firms: how SMEs interact successfully with larger firms and how these larger firms in turn manage their relationships with SMEs -Strategic and management issues that pertain to marketing -Cultural and sociological perspectives of the entrepreneur -Cross-cultural studies and work on developing economies -Appropriate research methodologies
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