Metastasis in renal cell carcinoma: Biology and treatment

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous group of cancer that reacts inappropriately to recent therapeutic methods and is frequently linked with an uncertain clinical channel. The biology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) depends on histology, tumor diversity, and the biological mechanism of metastasis. Malignant renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors can spread to bones, brain, pancreas, gallbladder, and adrenal gland resulting in metastasis. Medical treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has transformed from cytokine-based methods to targeted agent therapy against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and most recently to immunotherapy drugs. This review aims to summarize the biology of renal cell carcinoma and to understand the present and future directions in the treatment of metastasis.