Orientation of Belminus triatomines to cockroaches and cockroaches’ fecal volatiles: an ethological approach

IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES acta ethologica Pub Date : 2021-01-14 DOI:10.1007/s10211-021-00361-2
Fernando Otálora-Luna, Oscar Páez-Rondón, Elis Aldana, Claudia Magaly Sandoval Ramírez
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Abstract

Most triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) are hematophagous, though Belminus species can live off of cockroach hemolymph to complete their life cycle. In this work, we described the fixed action pattern (FAP) employed by B. ferroae to identify, approach, and suck on a living cockroach. The FAP described here is composed of the following stereotyped behaviors: (1) visual and/or olfactory detection of the cockroach, (2) reaching, (3) cautious approach, (4) antennal exploration, (5) extension of the proboscis, (6) piercing to sedate, (7) walking away and waiting (postsedation behavior), (8) second cautious approach, (9) extension of the proboscis, (10) piercing to suck hemolymph. The FAP sequence observed suggests that Belminus bugs are not predators like the rest of reduviids (assassin bugs)—but are kleptophagous ectoparasites, since they do not attack and kill a prey but rather steal hemolymph from its invertebrate host. Based on these ethological observations, we propose kleptophagy as a trait that naturally groups the Belminus species into the Triatominae subfamily. In order to identify chemicals cues that could elicit such FAP, we examined the behavior of B. corredori, B. ferroae, and B. herreri in response to the cockroaches’ odor, fresh cockroach feces and fresh rodent wastes. The last two sources were tested based on the assumption that abundant chemicals near host refuges could serve as cues for host orientation. We found that the cockroach odor emanating from a box significantly attracted B. corredori and B. herreri in a still air olfactometer. The three Belminus species approached the captive cockroach after 1 h, but avoided to climb the box. Odors emanating from the cockroach feces attracted B. corredori and B. ferroae in a Y-olfactometer. Triatomines and their hosts have intimately shared the same refuge for millions of years; certain molecules occur across invertebrate and vertebrate refuges and are recurrent in human abodes, thus plausibly explaining how these bugs can readily switch to the domestic habitat, while keeping with their kleptophagous nature.

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三角蝽蝽对蟑螂和蟑螂粪便挥发物的取向:一种行为学方法
大多数三角蝽(半翅目:红蝇科:三角蝽科)是食血的,尽管Belminus的种类可以依靠蟑螂的血淋巴来完成它们的生命周期。在这项工作中,我们描述了铁芽孢杆菌识别、接近和吮吸活蟑螂的固定动作模式(FAP)。这里描述的FAP由以下刻板行为组成:(1)视觉和/或嗅觉检测蟑螂,(2)到达,(3)谨慎接近,(4)触角探索,(5)伸出喙,(6)刺穿镇静,(7)走开并等待(镇静后行为),(8)第二次谨慎接近,(9)伸出喙,(10)刺穿吸血淋巴。观察到的FAP序列表明,Belminus虫不像其他的reduviids(刺客虫)那样是掠食性外寄生虫,因为它们不攻击和杀死猎物,而是从它的无脊椎宿主那里窃取血淋巴。基于这些行为学观察,我们提出盗食是一种自然将Belminus物种归为Triatominae亚科的特征。为了确定可能引发这种FAP的化学线索,我们研究了B. corredori、B. ferroae和B. herreri对蟑螂气味、新鲜蟑螂粪便和新鲜啮齿动物粪便的反应。最后两种来源的测试是基于这样一种假设,即宿主避难所附近的大量化学物质可以作为宿主定向的线索。在静空气嗅探仪中,我们发现盒子散发出的蟑螂气味对小蠊和小蠊有明显的吸引作用。1 h后,三种Belminus接近捕获的蟑螂,但避免爬上盒子。用y型嗅觉仪检测蟑螂粪便散发的气味,可吸引corredi芽孢杆菌和铁芽孢杆菌。千百年来,三角蝽和它们的宿主亲密地生活在同一个避难所;某些分子出现在无脊椎动物和脊椎动物的避难所,并在人类的住所中反复出现,因此合理地解释了这些虫子如何能够在保持其偷窃性的同时轻易地转向家养栖息地。
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来源期刊
acta ethologica
acta ethologica 生物-动物学
CiteScore
1.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
18
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: acta ethologica publishes empirical and theoretical research papers, short communications, commentaries, reviews and book reviews as well as methods papers in the field of ethology and related disciplines, with a strong concentration on the behavior biology of humans and other animals. The journal places special emphasis on studies integrating proximate (mechanisms, development) and ultimate (function, evolution) levels in the analysis of behavior. Aspects of particular interest include: adaptive plasticity of behavior, inter-individual and geographic variations in behavior, mechanisms underlying behavior, evolutionary processes and functions of behavior, and many other topics. acta ethologica is an official journal of ISPA, CRL and the Portuguese Ethological Society (SPE)
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