Protecting the Identity of Sheep-Farming Landscapes in the Outer Carpathians: A Typology, Delimitation, and Interpretation

Abstract

The article sets out to identify, delimit, and interpret the sheep-farming landscapes of Wallachian origin that lie within the area of medium and low mountain ranges of the Outer Carpathians and that share a uniform geological and morphological structure (the Flysch Carpathians). The subjects of the research are the mid-forest clearings and the farm buildings erected on them, which form a specific type of landscape on which sheep farming has identifiable impacts. The article is an attempt to elaborate a typology of sheep farming and the mixed pastoral/agricultural, sheltering and sheep-farming (Polish: polaniarskie) landscapes of the subecumene zone based on the structure and function of the economic activity on those landscapes. Sheepfarming landscapes are those shaped by the pastoral-agricultural economy in the mountain regions of the Carpathians. The study responds to the need to interpret areas and forms of sheep farming with the aim of protecting not only the unique heritage of the Wallachian shepherds’ lifestyle and culture but also the landscapes resulting from the European Landscape Convention (October 20, 2000). These landscapes are disappearing rapidly due to the unprofitability of rearing livestock, and they are becoming relics and being absorbed through natural forest succession. Preserving the practices and unique history and culture of Carpathian sheep-farming landscapes, including those in the Outer Carpathians, will allow for the protection of not only the landscapes’ identity but also the heritage of the Wallachian highlanders and their biodiverse high alpine meadows. In line with innovative ethnographic research methods, the study’s first stage consisted of taking stock of sheep-farming areas by combining cartographic materials supported by remote sensing with source materials collected through interviews with living witnesses of sheepfarming practices. Sheep-farming landscapes within the Outer Carpathians have a complex historical and cultural structure strongly linked to its current socioeconomic situation. Yet, the sheep-farming landscape of this mountain region has yet to be defined architecturally and physiognomically as a type of rural agricultural landscape. With the aim of promoting the preservation of the region’s sheep-farming landscapes, the article presents its complex structure and function, along with the conditions needed to maintain it. The abandonment of mid-forest clearings would have implications beyond sheep-farming landscapes: it would also result in a lack of viewing opportunities within the mountain landscape, resulting in a loss of beauty and visual value that would impact the status of the Carpathians as a priority landscape.